貼心提醒
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中英文稿
I love you.
我愛你
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
When you are in a relationship, when do you say,
當你在一段感情中時，你什麼時候
"I love you," for the first time?
第一次說「我愛你「？
How do you know you are in love?
你怎麼知道自己戀愛了？
When do you define the relationship?
你何時確認戀愛關係？
When do you make it 'Facebook official'?
你什麼時候把戀情列為「臉書正式交往」
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
We all know the symptoms of love:
我們知道戀愛的症狀
the butterflies in your stomach, your hands getting clammy,
百爪撓心，掌心冒汗
so nervous, you are terrified,
極度緊張，你驚恐萬分
but you cannot wait for more.
但是你簡直等不及更多
There's a lot going on when you fall in love.
戀愛時會發生很多事
You thought it was just a bunch of heartache and money.
你以為它只是很多心痛和金錢
Your brain goes through all kinds of changes.
你的大腦經歷了各種的變化
It gets flooded with oxytocin, the love chemical.
它被後葉催產素這種愛情化學物充滿
Falling in love is physiological.
戀愛是生理的
On the other hand, since the time you could walk,
另一方面，從你會走路那時起
you've heard stories about love from everyone.
你就開始聽到各種人的各種愛情故事
Is the ability to fall in love genetically programmed
你戀愛的能力是被逐漸培養的呢
or were you conditioned to fall in love?
還是戀愛能力是與生俱來的呢？
Is it nature or is it nurture?
這是先天的還是後天的？
We do not know.
我們不知道
What exactly do we mean by "Nature vs. Nurture"?
我們說「天生與後天「究竟是什麼意思呢？
By "Nature" we mean things that are genetically programmed,
所謂「先天」，我們是指寫入基因中的
passed down from generation to generation,
並且從一代人遺傳給下一代人的物質
apart from a fluke mutation once in a while.
除了偶然的僥倖突變
By "Nurture" we mean things that are learnt,
所謂「後天」我們是指通過學習得到的事物
or a product of your environment, like riding a bike,
或者你所在環境的產物，就像騎車
or maybe staying in the sun too long and getting skin cancer.
或者像你如果在太陽下待久了就會得皮膚癌
How about the ability to deal with stress?
那處理壓力的能力呢？
Is that genetically programmed, or a product of your environment?
這是基因決定的還是環境產生的呢？
How about gender identity? Nature or Nurture?
那性別身份呢？是先天的還是後天的？
How about the ability to annoy people?
那煩人的本領呢？
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
Don't you just want to ask that annoying person at work:
你難道不想問問工作中那些煩人的人
"Were you genetically programmed to be that way?"
「你這樣是基因決定的嗎？」
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
"Or do you actually practice that in front of the mirror all day?"
「還是你整天對著鏡子這樣練習？」
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
Some traits are not nature and not nurture
有些特徵既不是先天的也不是後天的
but something different all together: epigenetic.
而是全然不同的另一樣東西：表觀遺傳
Epigenetics literally means a layer above your genetics.
表觀遺傳字面上的意思就是基因之上的一個層次
If your genetics is the hardware,
如果你的基因是硬體
your epigenetics is the software, or the operating system.
那麼你的表觀遺傳就是軟體，或者是作業系統
Your epigenetics allows the environment to change your DNA.
你的表觀遺傳讓環境改變你的DNA
The most famous example of epigenetics is the response to stress.
最有名的表觀遺傳例子就是壓力反應
A group in Montreal used rats to go after the specific question:
蒙特婁的一個科研小組用鼠探究一個特定問題：
"If you are an attentive mom, does that affect the DNA of your children?"
「如果你是一個溫存的母親，這會影響到你孩子的DNA嗎？」
They looked at two populations of rats.
他們觀察了兩組老鼠
In population number 1
在第一組中
the mothers were very nurturing, licking and grooming their pups.
母親都非常周到，舔拭並梳洗它們的幼崽
These baby rats actually have the royal treatment.
這些小鼠事實上享受著皇室待遇
Mom's cuddling them all the time, tying their shoes,
媽媽總是把它們摟在懷裡，給它們繫鞋帶
driving them to soccer practice every day.
每天開車帶它們去足球訓練
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
These baby rats had it made.
這些幼鼠成功了
They looked at the DNA of these baby rats, and the DNA looked fine.
他們觀察了這些小鼠的DNA，而DNA看上去很好
In population number 2 these mothers were not very nurturing.
在第二組中，這些母親並不周到
No licking, no grooming, no cuddling. Not very attentive.
沒有舔拭梳毛，沒有抱抱 很不周到
They looked at the DNA of these baby rats
他們觀察了這些幼鼠的DNA
and they found strange marks on that DNA,
然後他們找到了一些在DNA上奇怪的斑點
and those marks were positioned precisely at the stress response gene.
而這些斑點正是位於壓力反應基因上
In fact, these baby rats couldn't deal with any stress at all.
事實上，這些幼鼠完全不能應對任何壓力
And that behavior persisted for their whole lifetime.
而且這樣的行為會持續一生
For kicks, they decided to look at the grandkids' DNA.
接下來，他們決定觀察孫輩的DNA
And the grandkids' stress response gene was turned off too.
這些孫輩的壓力應對基因也關閉了
How could that possibly be?
這怎麼可能呢？
How can a mother nurturing her pups change their DNA?
母親養育幼崽怎麼能夠改變它們的DNA？
Let's think about what DNA is.
讓我們想一想DNA是什麼
DNA is a molecule
DNA是一個分子
that's very thin and very long.
很細很長
There is enough DNA in your body
你的身體裡的DNA
to wrap around the Earth 2.5 million times.
足以把地球纏繞二百五十萬圈
How can all that DNA be squeezed into your body
這麼多的DNA是如何擠進你的身體裡
in such an organized way to control everything?
而且這麼有序地控制一切？
Your DNA is threaded
你的DNA纏繞在
around tiny, microscopic spools,
一些細小的，極其微小的線軸上
trillions and trillions of these spools.
幾萬億幾萬億的線軸
Here we can see DNA in all its glory, atom for atom.
這裡我們能看見DNA的全部，每一個原子
It's wrapped around molecular spools,
它纏繞在分子線軸上
called histones, in blue.
叫做組蛋白，如藍色部分所示
At first, the stress response is turned off.
一開始，這些壓力反應被關閉了
But when our baby rats are being hugged and cuddled,
但是當我們的小鼠被依偎擁抱時
serotonin is released in their brains.
血清素在它們的大腦中釋放
Serotonin turns on a light switch,
血清素把一個開關打開
called lysine number 4.
叫做賴氨酸－4
This is chemically modified, or acylated,
這是被化學地修改的，或者說醯化的
triggering the spools to unwind, unwrapping the DNA,
鬆開線軸，展開DNA
exposing the stress response part to the cell.
把細胞上壓力反應的部分暴露出來
So our baby rats are happy and healthy.
所以我們的幼鼠很快樂健康
You can think of it like a garden hose.
你可以把這想作一根園藝水管
Imagine a garden hose a mile long,
請想像這園藝水管有一英裡長
here in this theater, floating in the air.
在這個劇場的上空飄浮
Do you know those garden hose spools, the plastic ones,
你知道這些用來儲存園藝水管的
to store the garden hose?
塑料園藝水管軸嗎？
Imagine thousands of those spools winding and unwinding,
想像上千的軸繞緊又解開
turning genes on and off with exquisite precision.
微妙精確地把基因打開又關上
Somehow, these spools have special powers.
以某種方式，這些軸有了特別的能量
They know what is happening all around the cell.
它們知道了這些細胞周圍都在發生什麼
They can turn the genes on and off
它們可以把基因打開再關上
at just the right times, at just the right moments.
次數剛好，時間也剛好
They are so exquisite,
它們這麼細微
they can take an egg cell to an embryo to a newborn baby.
以至於它們可以使蛋殼變成一個坯胎再到一個新生兒
So our molecular spools are winding and unwinding, controlling everything,
所以我們的分子軸繞緊又鬆開，控制著一切
like the maestro of a big dance, or better yet, a DJ.
就像大型舞會的指揮，或者更厲害，像一個DJ
If our hose were actually the color green and glowing,
所以如果我們的水管真的是閃閃發光的綠色
then we'd actually have a real rave party in here.
那麼我們真的就有了一個狂歡舞會
Like, you know —
就像，你知道
Boots and pants and boots and pants and boots and pants and boots and pants
靴子和褲子和靴子和褲子和靴子和褲子和靴子和褲子
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
OK. (Laughter) (Applause)
好吧（笑聲）（掌聲）
So that was Epigenetics 101;
所以這就是表觀遺傳學入門課了
a big rave party in your cells,
一個你的細胞中的狂歡派對
where DNA and socialization get all tangled up together.
其中DNA和社會化纏結在一起
How about gender identity?
那我們的性別身份呢？
Was I born a girl or did I become one?
我天生就是女孩還是我成為了一個女孩？
This question shattered
這個問題毀了
almost every romantic relationship that I've been in.
我曾經有過的所有戀愛關係
You see, I am a woman who happens to be transgender.
你瞧，我是一個女人，一個經歷過變性的女人
For years I struggled,
我掙扎了許多年
until I finally found the courage to be who I really am.
直到我最終找到做自己的勇氣
(Applause) (Cheers)
（掌聲）（喝彩）
If you think love is complicated,
如果你認為愛情很複雜
imagine what it is like for me;
想像一下它對我而言是什麼樣
about as complicated as that DNA molecule we're looking at.
這幾乎像我們看過的DNA分子一樣複雜
Luckily, both of my parents nurtured me all the time,
幸運的是，我的父母一直都在養育我
so I have plenty of serotonin stored up to deal with stress
所以我有足夠的血清素來應對壓力
and to be here, on this stage, coming out.
並站在這裡，在這個舞臺上，公開宣布
(Applause)
（掌聲）
I've been following in the footsteps
我一直追隨著Laverne Cox、
of Laverne Cox, Geena Rocero and Janet Mock.
Geena Rocero以及Janet Mock（均為變性者）的腳步
Back when I was in therapy, my therapist mentioned:
當我還在接受心裡治療的時候，我的治療師對我說：
"If you could identify the genetic basis of gender dysphoria,
「如果你能認同基因是性別病理性心境惡劣的基礎，
it would be a real breakthrough."
這將是個很大的突破。」
She actually used the word rockstar,
她真的用了搖滾明星這個詞
and who does not want to be a rockstar?
誰不想當搖滾明星？
At the time, I was working in the field of RNA.
那時，我在研究RNA領域
This is DNA's molecular cousin.
這是個DNA的分子表親
So, I sat down and I googled,
所以，我坐下來搜索
"RNA and gender identity."
「RNA和性別身份」
There was only one hit, "steroid receptor RNA activator."
那只有一個結果，「類固醇感受器RNA催化劑「
This helps estrogen do its thing.
它幫助雌激素工作
It also directly binds the sex reversal factor.
它同時直接綁定了性別轉換因素
I went to my postdoc, Irina.
我去找我的博士後，Irina
"I've got this RNA molecule and no one has really heard of it.
「我有這樣一個RNA模型，沒人知道它
It is so big, it's going to be almost impossible to study.
它太大了，甚至大到無法研究
How about this for your new project?"
把它作為你的新課題怎麼樣？」
"Well, let's go for it!"
「這樣啊，那我們就做這個吧！」
To set the stage, remember our molecular spools?
做一下鋪墊，還記得我們的分子線軸嗎？
Always in the know.
要一直記得它
Somehow they knew what was happening,
不知怎麼它們知道正在發生什麼
always in right place, at the right time.
總是在對的地方，對的時間
How do these spools know what's going on?
這些軸怎麼知道正在發生什麼呢？
Groups around the world are racing to figure this out.
世界各地的研究小組正在爭先恐後地弄懂這個問題
Many think that it could be RNA.
很多人認為有可能是因為DNA
You see, RNA molecules can sense their environment.
你看，RNA分子可以感知它們的環境
They can bind drugs and vitamins.
他們可以結合藥物和維生素
If our big RNA molecule were highly structured,
如果我們的大RNA分子是高度結構化的
it could actually talk to those spools,
它真的就可以和那些軸交流
telling them what's happening all around the cell.
告訴它們細胞周邊正在發生什麼
Like: "Yikes, it's freezing in this part of the cell."
就像：「哎呀，細胞這裡冷得要命。「
Or: "Mmm, caffeine in this part of the cell."
或者：」唔，細胞這裡有咖啡因。「
Or: "Run for your life. It's a sperm molecule."
或者：「為生命奔跑吧。這是一個精子分子。」
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
On the other hand,
或者另一方面來說
if our big RNA had no structure, like a bowl of spaghetti,
如果我們的大RNA是沒有結構的，就像一碗通心粉
then all that it could say to the spool would be gobbledygook,
那麼它只能對軸說一些官腔
like: "Bo tosh beer job blue Dee ray ahh cock kook nay."
就像：「
(Laughter)
（笑聲）
OK, that wasn't gobbledygook.
好吧，這不是官腔
That was the Klingon language from Star Trek, but you get the idea.
那是克林貢語，星際迷航裡的，不過你明白意思了
(Applause)
（掌聲）
In the end, this is what we found.
在最後，我們發現了這個
Our big RNA molecule had structure everywhere.
我們的大RNA分子在哪裡都有結構
25 helices in all, all kinds of interactions.
總體來說是25個螺旋結構，各種相互作用
This is just a baby step,
這只是一小步
but it's a proof of principle that RNA could be the answer.
但這是RNA可以成為答案的證據
RNA molecules have been shown to have links to Alzheimer's and autism,
RNA分子已經展現出與老年痴呆症和自閉症的聯繫
and epigenetic effects, in general, have strong ties
和一些表觀遺傳效果，總體來說，會直接聯繫到
to addiction, depression, schizophrenia.
上癮，抑鬱，精神分裂
Ten years ago, we couldn't fathom how these could be.
十年之前，我們無法弄懂這些
Now, we are taking the first steps.
現在，我們邁出了第一步
Some day, we might understand love,
有一天，我們可能會明白愛情
which brings us back to our question:
我們也就又回到這個問題
how do you know you are in love?
你怎麼知道你戀愛了？
We can't answer this yet,
我們還不能回答這個問題
but maybe in the future, when your kids ask you:
但或許在將來，當你的孩子問起你
"How do you know you're in love?"
「你怎麼知道你戀愛了？」
you can answer: "It's simple.
你就可以回答：「這很簡單啊
When lysine 4
「當在後葉催產素感受器基因的
on histone 3
「組蛋白3上面的
at the oxytocin receptor gene is chemically modified.
「賴氨酸4被化學地修改時，
That's how you know you're in love."
「這樣你就知道你戀愛了。「
(Laughter) (Applause)
（笑聲）（掌聲）
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