CNN:正在到來的食物災難,轉基因大豆乾擾內分泌損傷肝腎

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2015-02-27 CNN
轉基因觀察按：美國主流媒體CNN近日發表了曾接受@崔永元 採訪的生物學家大衛·舒伯特的文章「正在到來的食物災難」，揭露了轉基因作物及除草劑的危害。文章說，運到亞洲（主要是中國）的轉基因大豆草甘膦殘留量超過歐洲允許值50倍，而草甘膦幹擾內分泌，破壞腎臟和肝臟功能，抵抗超級雜草的轉基因新品種更是毒性超強。

有人認為文中說的是除草劑的危害，與轉基因無關。但實際上設計此類抗除草劑轉基因作物的目的就是為了方便和大規模地使用草甘膦除草劑，以節省大量人工除草的成本，但是，除草劑的活性成分會直接進入植物進而被植物吸收，這使得轉基因大豆本身會含有草甘膦殘留，中國對轉基因大豆草甘膦殘留不設限，因此全世界草甘膦殘留量最大最多的轉基因大豆均進入到中國，2014年《參考消息》對此進行警示：中國進口轉基因大豆的報導。

轉基因觀察提供CNN和參考消息兩篇文章，以便讓大家進一步釐清轉基因與除草劑之關係，轉基因大豆和除草劑實際上是捆綁在一起，互相依存，不可分割。目前所探討的主要是階草劑的風險和危害，尚不牽扯到轉基因大豆經基因改造後本身存在的風險和問題。

CNN全文翻譯如下，感謝旅美學者提供的支持。

The coming food disaster
正在到來的食物災難

By David Schubert

作者：大衛·舒伯特

原文連接：http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/27/opinion/schubert-herbicides-crops/index.html

Editor's Notes: David Schubert is professor at the Salk Institute forBiological Studies. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely thoseof the author.

編者註：大衛·舒伯特是Salk生物研究學院的教授。文中的意見僅代表作者本人的觀點。

(CNN)One would expect that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has thebest interests of the public in mind, but its recent decisions have castserious doubt upon this assumption.

人們通常會認為美國環保部總是會以公眾利益為重，可它最近的決策卻使我們不得不對此表示懷疑。

One in particular could have a dramatic impact on the safety of the U.S. foodsupply: It is the mandate of the EPA to regulate the use of agriculturalchemicals like insecticides and herbicides, as well as to determine theirallowable limits in food (http://www2.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/agriculture-sectors ) anddrinking water ( http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act ).

特別的，人們可能會對美國的食品供應安全性方面有一個強烈的印象，那就是：美國環保部肯定會強制規範農業化學試劑（如殺蟲劑和除草劑）的使用，並限定其在食品和飲用水中所允許的殘留量。

Herbicides (weed killers) are mixtures of chemicals designed to spray on weeds,where they get inside the plants and inhibit enzymes required for the plant tolive. The active ingredient in the most widely used herbicide is glyphosate,while some herbicides contain 2,4D. 2,4D is best known as a component of AgentOrange, a defoliant widely employed during the Vietnam War. Until theintroduction of GM crops about 20 years ago, herbicides were sprayed on fieldsbefore planting, and then only sparingly used around crops. The food that weate from the plants was free of these chemicals ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.054 ).

除草劑是一些化學試劑的混合物，被設計用來噴灑在雜草上，並進入植物內部，阻止植物賴以生存的酶的合成。最常用的除草劑中的活性成分是草甘膦，其它除草劑則含有2,4D。後者是橙劑的組分，在越南戰爭中大量用作脫葉劑。直到20年前引入轉基因作物之前，除草劑都是在開始種植作物之前噴灑在地裡的，等種植上作物之後，只在作物周圍少量使用。因而我們從這些作物獲得的食品沒有這些化學試劑的殘留。

In stark contrast, with herbicide resistant GM plants, the herbicides and amixture of other chemicals (surfactants) required to get the active ingredientinto the plant are sprayed directly on the crops and are then taken up into theplant. The surrounding weeds are killed while the GM plant is engineered toresist the herbicide. Therefore, the food crop itself contains the herbicide aswell as a mixture of surfactants.

與此形成鮮明對照的是，對於抗除草劑轉基因作物，除草劑和其他化學混合物（表面活性劑）是直接噴灑在作物上的，這些表面活性劑可以使除草劑的活性成分進入植物進而被植物吸收。周圍的雜草都被殺滅了，而轉基因作物因能抵抗除草劑而存活。可想而知，這就使得作物本身含有除草劑和表面活性劑混合物。

To accommodate the fact that weeds are becoming glyphosate resistant, therebyrequiring more herbicide use, the EPA has steadily increased its allowableconcentration limit in food, and has essentially ignored our exposure to theother chemicals that are in its commercial formulation (http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-05-01/pdf/2013-10316.pdf ).

為了應對雜草對草甘膦抗性不斷增大因而需要使用更多除草劑的事實，美國環保部不斷提高食品中允許殘留的草甘膦濃度上限，同時也完全忽視了我們與商業除草劑配方中的其它化學成分接觸（而受到的影響）。

As a result, the amount of glyphosate-based herbicide introduced into our foodshas increased enormously since the introduction of GM crops (http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24 ). Multiplestudies have shown that glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and likely publichealth hazards (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=thongprasaisang+s+2013 ).

結果，自從引入轉基因作物以來，進入我們食品中的草甘膦除草劑的含量增加了很多。多個研究顯示草甘膦除草劑有毒性，可能損害公共健康。

Of equal importance in terms of health is the fact that herbicides are nowbeing used to rapidly kill non-GM grain crops at the end of their growingseason in order to speed up harvesting ( http://www.washingtonsblog.com/2014/11/roundup-dumped-crops-right-harvest.html ). So, aproduct can be labeled GM-free but still contain high levels of herbicide.

對健康有著同樣重要影響的另一個事實是，非轉基因作物成熟季節到來時，也會使用除草劑來快速殺滅非轉作物，以便加快收割速度（譯者註：由於作物已經基本成熟，此時使用除草劑，可以使作物綠色的莖葉乾枯，而少量未成熟的作物被殺死，這樣作物整體成熟度一致，易於收割，甚至可以提早收割賣個好價錢）。因此，即使標註了非轉基因的產品也可能含有大量除草劑。

The fact that agricultural chemicals are now inside the food crops that we eatis a fundamental shift in both our food production system and human exposure totoxic chemicals. Unfortunately, it is about to get even worse.

農業化學試劑進入我們的食物這個事實，標誌著在我們的食品生產體系和人類接觸有毒化學試劑這兩方面出現了最根本的變化。遺憾的是，情況還會變得更糟。

Since 2,4D has been used for over 50 years, its toxicity to farm workers andneighboring populations is well documented. EPA sponsored studies have shownthat those repeatedly exposed to 2,4D have an increased risk of Parkinson'sdisease, cancer and birth defects ( https://consumersunion.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/2-4-D-comments.pdf ). Itsnonagricultural use is banned in some European countries ( http://sustainablepulse.com/2014/04/04/dutch-parliament-bans-glyphosate-herbicides-non-commercial-use/ 譯者註：原文中連接有誤，故作修正 ).

2,4D已經使用了超過50年，它對農民和鄰近人口的毒副作用已有大量的記錄。美國環保部資助的研究發現，長期重複接觸2,4D會增加得帕金森症、癌症和導致生殖缺陷的風險。一些歐洲國家已經禁止了其農業之外的用途。

Despite this information, and warnings from many knowledgeable organizations, scientistsand doctors, the EPA has recently concluded that the commercialization of cornand soy genetically modified to be resistant to both 2,4D and glyphosate willhave no adverse effects on human health and has allowed the introduction ofthese crops in many states ( http://www2.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/registration-enlist-duo ). Thesummary statements used to justify this decision are on the EPA website, butthe scientific data and discussion to support it are not available to thepublic.

可美國環保部卻忽視這些信息，不顧來自許多博學的組織、科學家和醫生的警告，於最近做出結論，認定抗2,4D和草甘膦的雙抗型轉基因玉米和大豆的商業化對人類健康不會帶來不利影響，並允許很多州引進這類作物。環保部在其網站上公布了用來證明此項決定合理性的總結性陳述，但卻沒有向公眾公布支持此結論的科學數據和討論。

Some predict that because of these GM crops and the inevitable increase in weedherbicide resistance, the amount of 2,4D entering our environment could soonincrease up to 30 fold over the 2010 levels.

有人預測，由於這些轉基因作物的種植以及不可避免的雜草對除草劑的抗性的提高，進入我們所處環境中的2,4D總量將很快比2010年提高30倍。

As a medical research scientist, I consider this EPA allowance a grave errorand believe that it will ultimately lead to a public health disaster. Thisconclusion is based upon the following considerations:

作為一名醫學研究科學家，我認為環保部的這個決策是個重大錯誤，我相信它最終將導致公眾健康災難。我的這個結論基於以下幾點考量：

1) 2,4D, glyphosate, and surfactants are inside the plant and cannot be washedoff. Recently shipments of soybeans to Asia have contained 50-fold the amountof glyphosate allowed in Europe ( http://sustainablepulse.com/2014/05/19/chinese-report-shows-high-levels-glyphosate-imported-gm-soybeans/ 譯者註：原文中連接有誤，故作修正 ), andhigh levels are in U.S. GM soybeans while none is detected in conventional andorganic beans.

2,4D、草甘膦和表面活性劑存在於植物內部而無法洗脫。最近出口到亞洲的大豆，其草甘膦殘留量比歐洲允許的上限高出50倍；美國轉基因大豆中可檢測出很高水平的草甘膦，而常規和有機大豆中卻檢測不到。

2) 2,4D is toxic, and safety testing of glyphosate formulations has shown thatthey are endocrine disrupters and cause liver and kidney damage. Moreover, itappears that the specific formulation of 2,4D and glyphosate that will beapplied to the new GM crops has not been tested for health safety. Because soy-and corn-based foods will contain these chemicals, they should be consideredfood additives and fall under the jurisdiction of the FDA, which would requireextensive safety testing (http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/IngredientsAdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm054658.htm ). Currentlynone are required.

2,4D是有毒的，而對草甘膦配方的安全性試驗證明它是內分泌幹擾劑，導致肝腎損傷。再者，這個將要被用於新型轉基因作物的2,4D加草甘膦特殊配方，看來還沒有做過其對健康安全性影響的試驗。因為大豆和玉米製品將會含有這些化學試劑，它們應該被當作食品添加劑，由FDA來管轄，這就要求對它們進行廣泛的安全性試驗。可目前對它們卻沒有這樣的要求。

3) Glyphosate and 2,4D accumulate in the environment (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jawr.12159/pdf ), and theamounts will increase in our food and drinking water as their combined usebecomes widespread and weeds become more resistant. Glyphosate is already foundin the blood and urine of people ( http://www.gmwatch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13631 ), and in asoy rich nutrient mix given to infants ( http://sustainablepulse.com/2015/01/05/u-s-hospitals-expose-critically-ill-children-harmful-glyphosate-herbicides/ ).

草甘膦和2,4D在環境中會富集，隨著它們聯合使用的普及以及雜草對其抗性的增加，它們在食物和飲用水中的含量會逐漸增加。已經在人類的血液和尿液中發現了草甘膦，而在某個專供嬰兒食用的富含大豆的營養配方中也發現了草甘膦。

4) While the producers of the new, doubly herbicide resistant crops and theU.S. regulatory agencies have some control over the production and use ofherbicides in this country, they cannot control those made or used abroad. Therelatively uncontrolled use of glyphoshate-based herbicides in South andCentral America has lead to significant increases ( http://bigstory.ap.org/article/argentines-link-health-problems-agrochemicals-2 ) in birthdefects, kidney toxicity, and cancer. It will be much worse if 2,4D is throwninto the mix.

雖然對這種新型雙抗除草劑作物的種植以及除草劑的使用，其生產者以及美國管理機構有某種程度的控制，但他們對卻不能控制其海外的種植和使用。在中南美洲對草甘膦除草劑的相對不受控制的使用，已經導致出生缺陷、腎臟毒性和癌症的顯著增加。2,4D的加入將會使情況更糟。

What does this all mean? Consumers should consider purchasing certified organicsoy and corn products until the EPA withdraws its allowance of food crops thatcontain herbicides, and every effort should be made to prevent the introductionof additional herbicide resistant crops. These food additives are not good foryou or your children.

所有這些意味著什麼呢？消費者應該考慮購買認證過的有機大豆和玉米產品，直到環保部取消對含有除草劑的食物作物的許可，還應該盡力阻止更多抗除草劑作物的引進。這些食品添加劑對你和你的孩子都有害。

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港報：中國應加強轉基因大豆進口檢查

2014-10-23 11:13:54 來源：參考消息網

核心提示：世界衛生組織說，每公斤大豆含有的草甘膦應低於20毫克。然而，阿根廷向中國出口的大豆每公斤含有100毫克草甘膦。

參考消息網10月23日報導 外媒稱，當國際社會上周在世界糧食日提高食品安全意識之際，13億中國人因進口轉基因大豆面臨嚴重的健康風險。

據香港《南華早報》10月22日報導，由於價格便宜，中國家庭和餐館普遍使用大豆油。2013年，北京從美國、巴西和阿根廷進口了6300多萬噸轉基因大豆。

報導稱，阿根廷大約98%的農作物為「抗農達」作物，經過轉基因，能夠抵抗美國種子巨頭孟山都的王牌產品「農達」和其他除草劑。讓中國消費者擔心的是，阿根廷農民使用的除草劑是美國農民的兩倍多，因此，這種高效除草劑的殘留能夠進入中國人的飲食，比如豆漿和豆腐。

世界衛生組織說，每公斤大豆含有的草甘膦應低於20毫克。然而，據這方面的專家、阿根廷兒科醫生梅達多·阿維拉-巴斯克斯說，阿根廷向中國出口的大豆每公斤含有100毫克草甘膦。他本月早些時候警告說，即使「20毫克在食品中，其含毒量也很大了」。

問題是，北京當局對大豆中的草甘膦含量沒有規定。這會帶來不良後果，因為像草甘膦這樣的除草劑與不斷升高的患癌率、新生兒缺陷和其他疾病有關係。比如，在阿根廷的查科省，在國家推廣農業生物技術後，新生兒畸形翻了兩番。

報導稱，阿根廷的決策者否認農用化學製品對健康和環境的有害影響，因為生物技術推動了經濟發展。

儘管孟山都和生物技術的支持者們有組織地攻擊證明除草劑害處的科學研究的可靠性，但是危險仍然是真實存在的。

阿根廷胚胎發育方面的專家安德烈斯·卡拉斯科在其2010年發表的研究報告中指出，在生產轉基因大豆的地區，婦女往往連續流產多達5次。

在中國，人們也越來越認識到這個問題。

報導稱，作為最重要的市場之一，中國在制止轉基因作物生產和確保糧食安全方面能夠發揮關鍵作用。阿維拉-巴斯克斯說：「如果中國人說他們對大豆的質量不滿意，那麼阿根廷生產者就會少噴藥。」

實際上，北京已經為世界糧食更加安全做好了準備。例如，鑑於公眾擔心健康風險，它禁止轉基因糧食商業化生產。中國人還對嚴重依賴孟山都等外國公司開發的生物技術表示擔心。

報導說，去年，臺灣開始推動修改進口轉基因大豆中草甘膦的含量標準——北京也應該採取這一步驟。

轉基因觀察註：新華社《參考消息》2014年10月23日轉載香港《南華早報》文章《中國應加強轉基因大豆進口檢查》時對中國國內讀者故意「省略」駐阿根廷外國記者卡米利婭·拉赫裡奇原文報導中兩段重要內容：1）「中國反對轉基因作物最關鍵的一個聲音是糜振玉中將，前中國軍事科學院副院長，他指責轉基因大豆造成中國人民多種疾病。」 2）「確保食品安全意義重大的一步是中國人民解放軍今年較早些發布禁止向部隊供應轉基因的決定。」

文章標題：中國應加強轉基因大豆進口檢查

原文主標題：China should impose tougher checks on GM soyimports;

原文副標題：Kamilia Lahrichi says action needed amid warnings of herbicideoveruse

【陳一文翻譯：卡米利婭·拉赫裡奇說必須採取行動對過量使用除草劑提出警告】

參考消息網10月23日報導 外媒稱，當國際社會上周在世界糧食日提高食品安全意識之際，13億中國人因進口轉基因大豆面臨嚴重的健康風險。

As the international community raised awareness offood security on World Food Day last week, 1.3 billion Chinese people arefacing critical health risks due to imports of genetically modifiedsoybeans, including those from Argentina, the third-largestproducer and exporter ofsoybeans.

【陳一文翻譯：當國際社會上周在世界糧食日提高食品安全意識之際，13億中國人因進口包括來自世界第三大生產國與出口國阿根廷的轉基因大豆，面臨嚴重的健康風險，

據香港《南華早報》10月22日報導，

South China Morning Post October 22, 2014 Wednesday

由於價格便宜，中國家庭和餐館普遍使用大豆油。2013年，北京從美國、巴西和阿根廷進口了6300多萬噸轉基因大豆。

Soybeanoil is widely used in Chinese households and restaurants because it is cheap.In 2013, Beijing imported over 63 million tonnes of genetically modifiedsoybeans from the US, Brazil and Argentina.

報導稱，阿根廷大約98%的農作物為「抗農達」作物，經過轉基因，能夠抵抗美國種子巨頭孟山都的王牌產品「農達」和其他除草劑。

About 98 per cent of Argentina's crops are Roundup Ready crops,which are genetically modified to be resistant to the flagship glyphosateherbicide of US-based seed giant Monsanto.

讓中國消費者擔心的是，阿根廷農民使用的除草劑是美國農民的兩倍多，因此，這種高效除草劑的殘留能夠進入中國人的飲食，比如豆漿和豆腐。

Worryingly for Chinese customers, Argentinian farmers use morethan twice as much pesticide per acre as US farmers do. Hence, residues of thispowerful herbicide find their way into Chinese diets, such as soy milk and tofu.

世界衛生組織說，每公斤大豆含有的草甘膦應低於20毫克。然而，據這方面的專家、阿根廷兒科醫生梅達多·阿維拉-巴斯克斯說，阿根廷向中國出口的大豆每公斤含有100毫克草甘膦。他本月早些時候警告說，即使「20毫克在食品中，其含毒量也很大了」。

The World Health Organisation says that 1kg of soybeans shouldcontain less than 20 milligrams of glyphosate. Nevertheless, Argentina's soyexports to China contain 100 milligrams of glyphosate per kilogram, accordingto Dr Medardo Avila-Vazquez, an Argentinian paediatrician and specialist on thetopic. He warned earlier this month that even "20mg is a very big quantityof poison in food".

問題是，北京當局對大豆中的草甘膦含量沒有規定。這會帶來不良後果，因為像草甘膦這樣的除草劑與不斷升高的患癌率、新生兒缺陷和其他疾病有關係。比如，在阿根廷的查科省，在國家推廣農業生物技術後，新生兒畸形翻了兩番。

One problem is that Beijing authorities do not make stipulationsabout the level of glyphosate per gram that soy should contain. This hasadverse consequences, as herbicides such as glyphosate have been linked torising cancer rates, birth defects and other diseases. In Argentina's Chacoprovince, for example, birth malformations quadrupled after the country boostedagricultural biotechnology.

報導稱，阿根廷的決策者否認農用化學製品對健康和環境的有害影響，因為生物技術推動了經濟發展。

Policymakers in Argentina deny agrochemicals' detrimental impacton health and the environment because biotechnology has fostered economicdevelopment.

儘管孟山都和生物技術的支持者們有組織地攻擊證明除草劑害處的科學研究的可靠性，但是危險仍然是真實存在的。

Notwithstanding that Monsanto and proponents of biotechnology havesystemically attacked the credibility of scientific research showing the harmherbicides can cause, the danger remains real.

阿根廷胚胎發育方面的專家安德烈斯·卡拉斯科在其2010年發表的研究報告中指出，在生產轉基因大豆的地區，婦女往往連續流產多達5次。

Andres Carrasco, an Argentinian expert in embryonic development,found in his 2010 study that women often have up to five miscarriages in a rowin regions where GM soybeans are produced.

在中國，人們也越來越認識到這個問題。

InChina, too, there is growing awareness of this issue.

Oneof the most critical Chinese voices against genetically modified crops,Lieutenant General Mi Zhenyu, the former deputy director of the Chinese Academyof Military Science, has blamed genetically modified soybeans forvarious diseases among Chinese people.

【《參考消息》「省略」了這一段。陳一文顧問翻譯：「中國反對轉基因作物最關鍵的一個聲音是糜振玉中將，前中國軍事科學院副院長，他指責轉基因大豆造成中國人民多種疾病。」】

報導稱，作為最重要的市場之一，中國在制止轉基因作物生產和確保糧食安全方面能夠發揮關鍵作用。阿維拉-巴斯克斯說：「如果中國人說他們對大豆的質量不滿意，那麼阿根廷生產者就會少噴藥。」

As one of the most important markets, China can play a crucialrole in curbing the production of GM organisms and guaranteeing food security."If the Chinese say they are not happy with the quality of soy, [Argentineproducers] will spray less," said Dr Avila-Vazquez.

實際上，北京已經為世界糧食更加安全做好了準備。例如，鑑於公眾擔心健康風險，它禁止轉基因糧食商業化生產。中國人還對嚴重依賴孟山都等外國公司開發的生物技術表示擔心。

In fact, Beijing has already paved the way for a more food-secureplanet. For instance, it prohibited the commercial distribution of geneticallymodified grains due to public concern over the health risks. The Chinese arealso worried about relying heavily on biotechnology developed by foreigncompanies like Monsanto.

One significant step towards ensuring food security was thePeople's Liberation Army's decision to ban genetically modified organisms forits troops earlier this year.

【《參考消息》「省略」了這一段。陳一文顧問翻譯：「確保食品安全意義重大的一步是中國人民解放軍今年較早些發布禁止向部隊供應轉基因的決定。」】

報導說，去年，臺灣開始推動修改進口轉基因大豆中草甘膦的含量標準——北京也應該採取這一步驟。

And, last year, Taiwan began pushing to revise the levels ofglyphosate in genetically modifiedsoybean imports- a key step Beijing should take as well.

Kamilia Lahrichi is a foreign correspondent based in Argentina,and is the recipient of the 2014 United Nations Foundation's "GlobalIssues" Journalism Fellowship. www.kamilialahrichi.com

【《參考消息》「省略」了這一段。陳一文顧問翻譯：「卡米利婭·拉赫裡奇是一位駐阿根廷外國記者，是2014年聯合國基金會「全球問題」新聞獎學金獲得者。她的博客：www.kamilialahrichi.com

生活已經很苦逼了，還是吃點好的吧！西碧地，精挑細選的好食物。