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Education Disrupted
The Silicon Valley Billionaires Remaking America’s Schools
In San Francisco’s public schools, Marc Benioff, the chief executive of Salesforce, is giving middle school principals $100,000 「innovation grants」 and encouraging them to behave more like startup founders and less like bureaucrats.
principal [ˈprɪntsɪpəl] n.大學校長；學院院長 2.本金；資本 3.主要演員；主角 4.（尤指商務或法律事務的）當事人，委託人adj.最重要的；最主要的
grant n.[C] ~ (to do sth) a sum of money that is given by the government or by another organization to be used for a particular purpose（政府、機構的）撥款 *student grants (= to pay for their education) 學生助學金 *He has been awarded a research grant. 他得到一筆研究經費。
startup founders 創業者
bureaucrat [ˈbjʊərəkræt] n.someone who works in a bureaucracy and uses official rules very strictly官僚; 官僚主義者; 官僚作風的人 *The economy is still controlled by bureaucrats.經濟依然被官僚們所掌控。
bureaucratic [ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk] adj. (often disapproving)connected with a bureaucracy or bureaucrats and involving complicated official rules which may seem unnecessary 官僚的；官僚主義的*bureaucratic power / control / procedures / organizations 官僚權力 / 管理 / 程序 / 組織 *The report revealed a great deal of bureaucratic inefficiency. 報導大量揭示了官僚體制的無能。
bureaucracy [bjʊəˈrɒkrəsi] n.
1. [U]a complicated official system which is annoying or confusing because it has a lot of rules, processes etc官僚制度; 官僚作風; 官僚主義=red tape *the reduction of unnecessary bureaucracy消除不必要的官僚體制
2. [C,U]the officials who are employed rather than elected to do the work of a government, business etc官僚〔指政府、企業等中僱用而非選舉產生的官員的總稱〕
在舊金山，Salesforce執行長馬克·貝尼奧夫(Marc Benioff)向若干公立中學的校長捐贈了10萬美元「創新經費」，鼓勵他們更像創業者而不是官僚那樣行事。
In Maryland, Texas, Virginia and other states, Netflix’s chief, Reed Hastings, is championing a popular math-teaching program where Netflix-like algorithms determine which lessons students see.
champion v.to fight for or speak in support of a group of people or a belief 為...而鬥爭;捍衛;聲援 *He has always championed the cause of gay rights.他一直在為爭取同性戀者的權利而鬥爭。 [熟詞僻義]
-like combining form. (in adjectives)similar to; typical of (構成形容詞)表示「像...的」,「有... 特徵的」 *drum-like 鼓狀的 *childlike simplicity 孩子般的單純 *lady-like behaviour 淑女 般的舉止 [新概念3Lesson1] Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. 美洲獅是一種體形似貓的大動物,產於美洲。 這是個很有用的後綴。善於利用,可以節省 很多筆墨。*his hamlike arms 他那雙像火腿那樣通紅的胳膊 *his oxlike eyes 他那雙像公牛 似的眼睛。
Netflix的執行長裡德·哈斯廷斯(Reed Hastings)在馬裡蘭、德克薩斯和維吉尼亞等州倡導一個受歡迎的數學教學計劃，由類似Netflix使用的算法來決定學生觀看什麼課程。
And in more than 100 schools nationwide, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s chief, is testing one of his latest big ideas: software that puts children in charge of their own learning, recasting their teachers as facilitators and mentors.
adj.(usually before noun) happening or existing in every part of the country 全國性的，全國各地的 *a nationwide search for a missing British tourist在全國範圍內對一名失蹤英國遊客的搜尋 *nationwide television全國性的電視
adv.*We have 350 sales outlets nationwide.我們在全國各地有 350 個銷售點。
1. to give parts in a play or film to different actors更換（戲劇、電影中的）演員，重新安排（角色）
2. to give something a new shape or a new form of organization重鑄; 重塑; 重組 *an attempt to recast the statement in less formal language用不太正式的語言改寫聲明的嘗試
1. a person who helps sb do sth more easily by discussing problems, giving advice, etc. rather than telling them what to do 誘導者 *The teacher acts as a facilitator of learning. 教師是學習的誘導者。
2. (formal) a thing that helps a process take place 促進（或推動）…的事物 facilitate v. facility n.
而在全美的100多個學校，Facebook的執行長馬克·扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)正在測試自己最新的一個宏大創想：一種讓孩子們能夠自己掌控學習的軟體，把老師變為協助和指導的角色。
In the space of just a few years, technology giants have begun remaking the very nature of schooling on a vast scale, using some of the same techniques that have made their companies linchpins of the U.S. economy. Through their philanthropy, they are influencing the subjects that schools teach, the classroom tools that teachers choose and fundamental approaches to learning.
technology/tech giants 科技巨頭
大人物相關表達：tycoon, bigwig, grandee, the big cheese, the big gun, the head honch, the top dog
on a vast scale 大規模地
linchpin [ˈlɪntʃpɪn] n.a person or thing that is the most important part of an organization, a plan, etc., because everything else depends on them or it（組織、計劃等的）關鍵人物，關鍵事物
philanthropy [fɪˈlæntθrəpi]n.Philanthropy is the giving of money to people who need it, without wanting anything in return. 慈善；捐助 *a retired banker well known for his philanthropy.以樂善好施著稱的退休銀行家
approach to sth （待人接物或思考問題的）方式，方法，態度（注意介詞to）
在短短幾年時間裡，科技巨頭已經開始採用那些令他們的公司成為美國經濟支柱的技術大規模重塑學校教育的本質。通過慈善事業，他們正在影響學校教學的課程、教師選擇的課堂工具和基本的學習方法。
The involvement by some of the wealthiest and most influential titans of the 21st century amounts to a singular experiment in education, with millions of students serving as de facto beta testers for their ideas. Some tech leaders believe that applying an engineering mindset can improve just about any system, and that their business acumen qualifiesthem to rethink U.S. education.
1. [U] ~ (in / with sth) the act of taking part in sth 參與；加入；插手= participation *US involvement in European wars 美國對歐洲戰爭的幹預
2. [U, C] ~ (in / with sth) the act of giving a lot of time and attention to sth you care about 耗費時間；投入；沉迷 *her growing involvement with contemporary music 她對現代音樂的日益投入
3. [C, U] ~ (with sb) a romantic or sexual relationship with sb that you are not married to 戀愛；性愛 *He spoke openly about his involvement with the actress. 他公開講述了他和那位女演員的戀情。
titan [ˈtaɪtən] n.If you describe someone as a titan of a particular field, you mean that they are very important and powerful or successful in that field.巨子；巨人；成就非凡的人*the country's two richest business titans.該國最富有的兩位商業巨子 *the titans of Renaissance literature: Spenser, Shakespeare, Donne and Milton.文藝復興時期的文學巨擘：斯賓塞、莎士比亞、多恩與彌爾頓 [Origin] From the Titans, who in Greek mythology were the older gods who were defeated in a battle with Zeus.源自提坦諸神（Titans），在希臘神話中被宙斯打敗的眾巨神。
1. if an attitude, remark, situation etc amounts to something, it has the same effect 等於，意味著 *The court's decision amounts to a not guilty verdict.法庭的裁決等於是宣判無罪。*Ultimately, their ideas amount to the same thing .歸根結底，他們的想法都是一回事。
2. if figures, sums etc amount to a particular total, they equal that total when they are added together（數量上）達到，總計 *Time lost through illness amounted to 1,357 working days.因疾病而損失的時間總計為 1357 個工作日。
3. not amount to much / anything / a great deal etc to not be important, valuable, or successful 沒多大了不起（價值，成功等）*Her academic achievements don't amount to much.她在學術上的成就沒有多大價值。*Jim's never going to amount to much.吉姆永遠不會有多大出息。
serve (as sth) to have a particular effect or result 產生...的效果（或結果）*The judge said the punishment would serve as a warning to others. 法官說這種懲罰將起到殺一儆百的作用。
de facto adj./adv.really existing although not legally stated to exist 實際上存在的（不一定合法） *The general take de facto control of the country.這位將軍實際上控制了整個國家。 [複習]
de jure adj./adv.true or right because of a law 根據法律；在法律上；合法的（地） *He held power de jure and de facto.他無論在法律上還是實際上都大權在握。
just about (informal)
1. almost; very nearly幾乎；近乎；差不多 *I've met just about everyone. 我幾乎每個人都見到了。 *'Did you reach your sales target?' 'Just about.'"你的銷售目標達到了嗎？" "差不多了。"
2. approximately大概；大約 *She should be arriving just about now. 她現在該到了。
acumen n.[U] the ability to understand and decide things quickly and well精明；敏銳=shrewdness business / commercial / financial acumen 生意上 / 商業上 / 理財精明強幹 *The firm's success is largely due to Brannon's commercial acumen.該公司的成功主要歸功於布蘭農的商業眼光。
qualify [ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ] v.if something qualifies you to do something, you have the necessary skills, knowledge, ability etc to do it（給某人技能/知識）使具有資格，使合格 qualify sb for sth *Fluency in three languages qualifies her for work in the European Parliament.她能流利地說三種語言，這使她有資格在歐洲議會工作。qualify sb to do sth *The certificate qualifies you to work as a dental assistant.這證書能使你有資格當牙醫助手。
這些21世紀最富有、最有影響力的巨子，是在參與一種教育上的非凡實驗，數百萬學生實際上成了他們想法的貝塔版測試者。一些科技領袖認為，工程思維可以改善任何系統，他們的商業頭腦也令他們有資格去反思美國教育。
「They are experimenting collectively and individually in what kinds of models can produce better results,」 said Emmett D. Carson, chief executive of Silicon Valley Community Foundation, which manages donor funds for Hastings, Zuckerberg and others. 「Given the changes in innovation that areunderway with artificial intelligence and automation, we need to try everything we can to find which pathways work.」
collectively and individually 個人與集體
produce better results 產生更好的結果= bear more fruit
manage v.to use your time, money etc sensibly, without wasting it 合理安排，有效使用（時間、金錢等）*Paying a little each month can help you manage your money.每個月拿出一點可以幫助你合理安排你的錢。*You need to learn to manage your time more effectively.你應該學會更有效地利用你的時間。*Consultants can help academic institutions to manage their resources more efficiently.顧問可以幫助學術機構更有效地使用他們的資源。
donor funds 捐贈資金
given when you consider sth 考慮到；鑑於 *Given his age,he's remarkably active.考慮到他的年齡，他已是相當活躍的了。[紐約時報4.5.Trump’s Gifts to China]A pre-emptive American strike is nearly unthinkable given Kim’s ability to blow up Seoul. [寫作]
1. happening now在進行中的 *The project is already well underway .此項目已順利啟動。*Your peace will be shattered when the tourist season gets underway (=starts) .一旦旅遊季節開始，寧靜就會被打破。
2. something such as a boat or train that is underway is moving（船、火車等）在行進中的
1. to have started to happen or be done已經開始 *Plans are well under way for a new shopping centre.建造一座新購物中心的計劃已經順利地在實施了。*The tournament got under way on Friday.錦標賽是星期五開始的。
2.to have started to move or travel somewhere開始上路，出發 *Our train was already under way.我們的火車已經出發了。
「他們正在以集體和個人的方式去嘗試什麼樣的模式可以產生更好的結果，」矽谷社區基金會(Silicon Valley Community Foundation)執行長埃米特·D·卡森(Emmett D. Carson)說，該基金負責管理哈斯廷斯和扎克伯格等人的捐贈資金。「隨著人工智慧和自動化的發展，創新也在發生變化，因此我們需要進行各種嘗試，看看哪些方式是有用的。」
Reed Hastings, chief executive of Netflix.
But the philanthropic efforts are taking hold so rapidly that there has been little public scrutiny.
philanthropic [ˌfɪlənˈθrɒpɪk] adj. a philanthropic person or institution gives money and help to people who are poor or in trouble（人或機構）慈善的，樂於助人的 *Some of the best services for the ageing are sponsored by philanthropic organizations. 一些一流老人服務機構是由慈善組織資助的。
take (a) hold to begin to have complete control over sb / sth; to become very strong 開始完全控制；變得十分強大 *Panic took hold of him and he couldn't move. 他突然驚慌得動彈不得。*They got out of the house just before the flames took hold. 他們就在大火吞噬房子之前逃了出來。
但是，慈善工作的影響來得過於迅速，對此的公眾監督幾乎是缺位的。
Tech companies and their founders have been rolling out programs in America’s public schools with relatively few checks and balances, The New York Times found in interviews with more than 100 company executives, government officials, school administrators, researchers, teachers, parents and students.
2. to make sth flat by pushing sth over it將…軋平*Roll out the pastry. 將油酥麵團擀平。
roll-out n.an occasion when a company introduces or starts to use a new product 新產品發布會；新產品的推出
checks and balances a system that makes it possible for some people or parts of an organization to control the others, so that no particular person or part has too much power or influence 制衡制度，制衡
《紐約時報》走訪了100多位公司高管、政府官員、學校管理者、研究人員、教師、家長和學生，發現技術公司及其創始人在美國公立學校內開展的各種計劃幾乎沒有任何制衡措施。
「They have the power to change policy, but no correspondingcheck on that power,」 said Megan Tompkins-Stange, an assistant professor of public policy at the University of Michigan. 「It does subvert the democratic process.」
1. having similar qualities or a similar size, position etc to something else 相應的; 相符合的; 對等的=equivalent *Sales are up 10% on the corresponding period last year.銷售比去年同期增加了 10%。
2. caused by or connected with something you have already mentioned 相應的，由此引起的 *The war, and the corresponding fall in trade, have had a devastating effect on the country.戰爭以及由此所導致的貿易量下降對這個國家產生了致命的影響。
correspondingly adv. *As his political power has shrunk, he has grown correspondingly more dependent on the army.隨著他政治權力的萎縮，他相應地也就越來越依賴於軍隊了。
1. to try to destroy the power and influence of a government or the established system 顛覆，暗中破壞（現政府或現有制度）*an attempt to subvert the democratic process顛覆民主進程的企圖
2. to destroy someone's beliefs or loyalty 腐蝕; 敗壞; 使放棄（信念或忠誠）
「他們有改變政策的力量，但是這種力量沒有受到相應的監督，」密西根大學公共政策助理教授梅根·湯普金斯-斯坦格(Megan Tompkins-Stange)說。「它確實顛覆了民主程序。」
Furthermore, there is only limited research into whether the tech giants』 programs have actually improved students』 educational results.
此外，科技巨頭的計劃是否真的提高了學生的教育成果，目前只是進行了有限的研究。
One of the broadest philanthropic initiatives directly benefits the tech industry.
其中一個最廣泛的慈善舉措是直接給科技產業帶來利益的。
Code.org, a major nonprofit group financed with more than $60 million from Silicon Valley luminaries and their companies, has the stated goal of getting every public school in the United States to teach computer science. Its argument is twofold: Students would benefit from these classes, and companies need more programmers.
finance v.to provide money for a project 提供資金 = fund *The building project will be financed by the government. 這個建築項目將由政府出資。 *He took a job to finance his stay in Germany. 他找了一份工作以賺錢支付在德國的費用。[經濟學人2.25.The independent-film business]The Academy Awardson February 26th will be something of a showcase for films not financed by a major studio. [熟詞僻義][複習]
luminary [ˈluːmɪnəri] n.a person who is an expert or a great influence in a special area or activity 專家；權威；有影響的人物 *luminaries of Parisian society巴黎社會的名流
twofold
adj.1. two times as much or as many of something 兩倍的 *a twofold increase in cases of TB結核病例兩倍的增加
2. having two important parts 有兩部分的; 雙重的 *The benefits of the scheme are twofold.這個計劃有雙重好處。
adv. *Student numbers have expanded twofold in ten years.十年間學生的人數增加了一倍。
Code.org是一個大型非盈利組織，矽谷著名人士及他們的公司向該組織提供了6000多萬美元，它宣稱自己的目標是令美國所有公立學校都教授電腦科學。理由包括兩個方面：首先，學生將從這些課程中受益；其次，公司需要更多的程式設計師。
（未完待續）
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