Schizophrenia Could Be Physically Changing The Body, Not Just The Brain
But how?
TOBY PILLINGER, THE CONVERSATION
Schizophrenia [n.精神分裂症] is considered a disorder of the mind, influencing the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. But our latest research shows that organs, other than the brain, also change at the onset of the disease.
Scientists have known for a long time that people with schizophrenia have much higher rates of physical illness compared with the general population, and this contributes to startlingly [adv. 使人驚奇地] high rates of premature [adj. 過早的] death.
People with the disorder die 15 to 20 years earlier than the average person.
This poor physical health has often been seen as a secondary effect of illness. Antipsychotic [adj.治療精神病的] drugs, for example, are associated with an increased risk of weight gain and type 2 diabetes.
Lifestyle factors have been thought to play a part, too. A person with debilitating [adj. 使衰弱的] mental symptoms is more likely to forgo [v.放棄] exercise and have a poor diet.
However, in recent years, scientists have observed that people who have recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia and who aren't on any medication yet show evidence of physiological changes, such as an overactive immune system.
Could it be that schizophrenia is in fact a body-wide disorder?
My colleagues and I examined evidence of physiological changes around the body at the onset of schizophrenia and compared it with evidence of changes within the brain in the same group of people.
We pooled data from multiple studies, examining markers of inflammation [n.炎症], hormone [n.荷爾蒙] levels and heart disease risk factors, including glucose [n.葡萄糖] and cholesterol [n.甘油三酯] levels.
We also pooled data from studies examining brain structure, levels of different chemicals within the brain, and markers of brain activity.
We showed that compared with the general population, early schizophrenia is associated with changes in brain structure and function. We also showed that early schizophrenia is associated with various changes around the body.
We calculated the magnitude [n.大小，量級] of these changes using a statistical measure known as the effect size.
At the onset of schizophrenia, we observed that there was no difference in the effect size for changes within the brain compared with the effect size for changes around the body, suggesting that schizophrenia might indeed be a whole-body disorder, and one that should be treated as such.
Three possible explanations
There are three theories which might explain how alterations within the brain might be associated with alterations around the body in schizophrenia.
First, dysfunction [n.機能障礙] around the body may cause changes in the brain, ultimately leading to schizophrenia. This process has been seen in certain rare cancers that produce antibodies that target the brain and trigger psychosis [n.精神病].
If the tumour is removed, the psychotic experiences improve.
Second, symptoms of schizophrenia may result in physical health disorders. An example of this is the stress of psychosis resulting in raised levels of the steroid [n.甾類化合物，類固醇] hormone cortisol [n.皮質醇，氫化可的松]. High levels of cortisol are associated with weight gain, diabetes and raised blood pressure.
Third, symptoms of schizophrenia and physical health disorders may arise via different mechanisms but from a common risk factor.
An example of this is how famine experienced by a pregnant mother increases the chances of her child developing both diabetes and schizophrenia in adult life.
The increased risk of schizophrenia may be due to impaired development of the child's brain as a result of the mother's malnutrition [n.營養不良]. The increased risk of diabetes may be due to changes in the child's ability to metabolise [v.新陳代謝] glucose, again a result of the mother's malnutrition.
Work still to be done
We need to do more work to figure out whether changes around the body are a cause or a consequence of schizophrenia.
One approach is to look at those people who are at risk of developing schizophrenia to see how changes around the body evolve in the ones who develop schizophrenia compared with those who don't.
More work is also needed to see how changes around the body respond to changes in the severity of symptoms of schizophrenia.
Finally, most premature deaths seen in schizophrenia are due to cardiovascular disease. Life expectancy in schizophrenia has failed to improve over recent decades. Studies are needed to determine if addressing physical health early on will reduce mortality [n.死亡率] in schizophrenia.
Toby Pillinger, Doctor and Clinical Researcher, King's College London.
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