近視眼的生物特徵變化
眼軸長度，更準確地說是玻璃體腔的深度是導致兒童，年輕人和老年人屈光不正的主要生物特徵，其中玻璃體腔的深度佔所觀察到的等效球鏡屈光度（SER）50％以上，其次是角膜15％和晶狀體1％。然而，每個眼結構的大小、曲率和折射率決定了最終的屈光狀態。與非近視的眼睛相比，近視眼的脈絡膜通常更薄(最明顯的是在中心凹處)，成人和兒童隨著近視和眼軸長度的增加而變薄。後鞏膜葡萄腫的眼睛也可見明顯的脈絡膜變薄，並與漆裂紋樣損害、脈絡膜新生血管形成和視力下降有關。脈絡膜似乎也是調節眼部生長的生物標誌物，因為在近視的最初發生和發展過程中，中央黃斑脈絡膜變薄，但在周圍的視網膜由於圖像離焦、局部抗毒蕈鹼劑和增加光照而變厚。臨床以此來幹預與減緩兒童眼睛生長。
Figure 1:The components of the model are shown for two right eyes with differing spherical refractive errors. In black is the model of an emmetropic eye, and in red that of an eye with a −10 refractive error. The myopic eye has a larger, and more spherical, posterior chamber. The model specifies the location of the fovea (asterisk), and in the model myopia brings the fovea closer to the posterior apex of the posterior chamber. Consequently the visual axis (solid line) moves to closer alignment with the optical axis (dotted line). 該圖顯示了具有不同球面屈光不正的兩隻右眼的模型。黑色是正視眼的模型，紅色是屈光度為-10的眼模型。近視眼具有較大的球形後房。該模型顯示了中央凹（星號）的位置，並且在該模型中，近視使中央凹更靠近後房的後頂點。因此，視軸（實線）與光軸（虛線）更接近。
Visual Environment, Emmetropization, and Myopia Much of the knowledge on vision-dependent changes in ocular growth has emanated from animal experiments in which either the quality of image formed on the retina is degraded (known as form deprivation [FD]), or the focal point of the image is altered with respect to the retinal plane (known as lens defocus). Both FD and lens defocus result in abnormal eye growth and development of refractive errors.視覺環境、正視和近視
關於眼部依賴視覺變化的許多知識源於動物實驗，在動物實驗中，視網膜上形成的圖像質量下降（稱為形覺剝奪[FD]），或者圖像的焦點在視網膜焦平面的改變（稱為晶體離焦）。FD和晶體離焦都會導致眼球異常生長和屈光不正。
Monochromatic Higher-Order Aberrations as a Myopigenic Stimulus Myopia may develop due to the eye’s emmetropization response to inherent ocular aberrations that degrade retinal image quality and trigger axial elongation. Evidence concerning the relationship between higher order abberation (HOAs) during distance viewing and refractive error from cross-sectional studies is conflicting. However, during or following near-work tasks, adult myopic eyes tend to display a transient increase in corneal and total ocular HOAs, suggesting a potential role for near-work-induced retinal image degradation in myopia development. Longitudinal studies of myopic children also indicate that eyes with greater positive spherical aberration demonstrate slower eye growth.近視成因刺激-單色高階像差
近視可能是由於眼睛正視化對固有眼像差的反應所致，從而降低了視網膜圖像質量並觸發了軸向伸長。從距離觀察的高階像差（HOA）與來自橫斷面研究的屈光不正之間關係的證據是相互矛盾的。然而，在近距離工作期間或之後，成人近視眼表現出角膜和全眼HOA的短暫增加，這表明近距離工作引起的視網膜圖像模糊在近視發展中具有潛在作用。對近視兒童的縱向研究也表明，具有較大正球差的眼睛顯示眼球生長較慢。
Accommodation Given the association between near work and the development and progression of childhood myopia, numerous studies have compared various characteristics of accommodation between refractive error groups. Typically, this involves the accuracy of the accommodation response, since lag of accommodation (hyperopic retinal defocus) may stimulate axial elongation as observed in some animal models. The slowing of myopia progression during childhood with progressive addition or bifocal lenses, designed to improve accommodation accuracy and minimize lag of accommodation, adds some weight to the role of accommodation in myopia development and progression. However, the exact underlying mechanism of myopia control with such lenses may be related to imposed peripheral retinal defocus or a reduction in the near vergence demand. Certainly, elevations in measured lag observed in myopes arise after rather than before onset.調節
鑑於近距離工作與兒童近視的發生和進展之間的聯繫，許多研究已經比較了屈光不正組之間調節能力的各種特徵。通常，這涉及調節反應的準確性，在一些動物模型中觀察到，因為調節滯後(視網膜遠視離焦)可能刺激眼軸伸長。為了提高調節準確性和最大程度減小調節的滯後，兒童時期佩戴漸進鏡或雙光鏡可用來減緩近視的進展，從而增加調節在近視發生和進展中的作用。然而，用這種鏡片控制近視的確切機制可能與周圍視網膜離焦或近距融合降低有關。當然，在近視眼觀察的滯後增加是在發病後出現的，而不是發病前。