圖片來源:www.sciencedaily.com
2016年8月31日 訊 /生物谷BIOON/ --最近,一項刊登於國際雜誌Nanoscale上的研究報告中,來自美國國家生物醫學成像和生物工程研究所的研究人員通過研究開發出了一種新型納米疫苗,其可以幫助開發出治療癌症免疫療法的新方法而且降低療法的副作用;這種納米疫苗可以有效運輸特殊的DNA序列至免疫細胞中,這種來源於細菌DNA中的序列可以被用來誘發機體的免疫反應,同時該疫苗還可以保護機體中的DNA免於被破壞。
腫瘤可以通過抑制免疫系統識別並殺滅癌細胞的能力來逃脫免疫系統的攻擊,而免疫療法的目的就是調節機體的免疫系統以便其可以更加有效地對腫瘤發起攻擊。免疫療法的其中一種方法就是將未甲基化的胞嘧啶-鳥嘌呤寡聚脫氧核苷酸(CpG)的外源序列引入到機體中,CpGs是一種存在於細菌中但在哺乳動物機體中非常罕見的不同於DNA序列的模式,當其被注射到人類機體中時,CpGs可以扮演一種危險的信號來誘發免疫反應;近日多項臨床試驗都將CpGs直接注射到腫瘤中來作為一種方法,去激活附近的免疫細胞使得免疫細胞可以攻擊腫瘤組織。
儘管具有一定的潛力,但基於CpG的免疫療法卻面臨著一定的挑戰,本文中,研究者通過研究開發了一種「DNA無機雜交納米疫苗」(hNVs);為了確定hNVs疫苗在小鼠免疫細胞中的行為,研究者將螢光分子摻入到免疫細胞中以便可以觀察其行為,他們發現,hNVs可以直接被兩種不同類型的免疫細胞所攝入,同時其還會誘導免疫細胞激活。隨後研究者對黑色素瘤小鼠進行研究,他們將hNVs或CpG分子注射到小鼠機體中,相比CpG分子而言,hNVs在腫瘤環境中停留的時間較長,當間隔6天分別注射後,hNVs就可以對小鼠機體的腫瘤有著明顯的抑制作用,在療法37天後接受hNVs疫苗的小鼠中有五分之二都存活了下來,而接受CpG的小鼠沒有一隻存活下來。
此外,除了CpGs誘導的免疫反應外,hNVs還會通過降低從腫瘤中滲入到血液中CpG的水平,來減少和CpG注射相關的副作用;研究者指出,hNVs的另外一個優勢就是其可以穩定CpGs以便在儲存和運輸過程中CpGs並不需要冷藏。
下一步研究人員計劃調查hNVs結合腫瘤特異性抗原的效應,通過加入這些特異性的蛋白抗原分子,研究者希望可以更進一步指導免疫細胞發揮作用,促進癌變細胞被殺滅;當然研究者也非常感興趣將hNVs同化療或者放療方法相結合來治療癌症。(生物谷Bioon.com)
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DNA–inorganic hybrid nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy
Guizhi Zhu,a Yijing Liu,a Xiangyu Yang,a Young-Hwa Kim,a Huimin Zhang,a Rui Jia,b Hsien-Shun Liao,c Albert Jin,c Jing Lin,c Maria Aronova,c Richard Leapman,c Zhihong Nie,d Gang Niua and Xiaoyuan Chen*a
Cancer evolves to evade or compromise the surveillance of the immune system, and cancer immunotherapy aims to harness the immune system in order to inhibit cancer development. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotide-containing oligonucleotides (CpG), a class of potent adjuvants that activate the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) located in the endolysosome of many antigen-presenting cells (APCs), are promising for cancer immunotherapy. However, clinical application of synthetic CpG confronts many challenges such as suboptimal delivery into APCs, unfavorable pharmacokinetics caused by limited biostability and short in vivo half-life, and side effects associated with leaking of CpG into the systemic circulation. Here we present DNA–inorganic hybrid nanovaccines (hNVs) for efficient uptake into APCs, prolonged tumor retention, and potent immunostimulation and cancer immunotherapy. hNVs were self-assembled from concatemer CpG analogs and magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg2PPi). Mg2PPi renders hNVs resistant to nuclease degradation and thermal denaturation, both of which are demanding characteristics for effective vaccination and the storage and transportation of vaccines. Fluorophore-labeled hNVs were tracked to be efficiently internalized into the endolysosomes of APCs, where Mg2PPi was dissolved in an acidic environment and thus CpG analogs were exposed to hNVs. Internalized hNVs in APCs led to (1) elevated secretion of proinflammatory factors, and (2) elevated expression of co-stimulatory factors. Compared with molecular CpG, hNVs dramatically prolonged the tissue retention of CpG analogs and reduced splenomegaly, a common side effect of CpG. In a melanoma mouse model, two injections of hNVs significantly inhibited the tumor growth and outperformed the molecular CpG. These results suggest hNVs are promising for cancer immunotherapy.
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2016納米技術與醫學前沿研討會
會議時間:2016.11.18-2016.11.19 會議地點:蘇州
會議詳情: http://www.bioon.com/z/2016nm/