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一個多世紀以來 去動物園參觀
A visit to the zoo has been a staple
已經成為許多家庭的生活重要組成部分
of family life for more than a century.
我們大部分人都會記得小時候去動物園
A lot of us will remember the experience of seeing
看到第一頭野生動物時的感受
our first wild animal at the zoo as a child.
但是否到了動物園深刻反思他們工作的時候了
But is it time that zoos took a long, hard look at what they do?
動物園 如果仍像以前那樣運作的話
Zoos, if they stay as they are,
將不可避免地走向倒閉
inevitably will become extinct.
百姓將不再去動物園
The public will just stop going to them.
我是麗茲·邦妮 曾在動物園裡研究和工作
I'm Liz Bonnin. I've studied and worked in zoos,
我觀察到了動物們可以有多聰明
and I've observed just how intelligent animals can be.
追追和撓撓 它想跟你玩追追和撓撓
Chase and tickle, he wants to chase and tickle with you now.
我也想跟你玩追追和撓撓
I want to chase and tickle with you too!
但是隨著動物研究發現的增多
But the more science is revealing about animals,
關於為什麼要把動物關在動物園裡
the more difficult questions are being raised
和如何圈養它們的疑問也隨之增多
about why and how animals are kept in zoos.
為什麼動物園在明知圈養大象
Why are zoos still keeping elephants
會讓其預期壽命減半時 仍要把它們關起來
now that we know captivity can halve their life expectancy?
我們只是更加清楚地意識到 並沒有...
To us it just became more and more clear that there was no...
並沒有行之有效的辦法
there was no way to really make this work.
我們也想在夜晚能安然入睡
We want to be able to sleep at night.
是不是圈養讓海洋世界的虎鯨殺了它的馴鯨員
Did captivity drive one of SeaWorld's orcas to kill his trainer?
沒有任何證據證明
There is no evidence whatsoever that there is
它因為住在動物園中
any mental aberration that is a result of
而精神失常
living in a zoological park.
為什麼很多動物園中的動物表現出來的行為
Why do so many zoo animals exhibit behaviours
在野外很少見到
that are hardly seen in the wild?
這的確說明生存環境有問題
It does indicate that something is not right.
在拯救瀕危動物大作戰中
Is the battle to save endangered animals
動物園是否無法獲勝
one that zoos can simply never win?
我們覺得自己像是人類文明的清潔工
We feel like janitors of the human culture.
我們在努力收拾這場爛攤子
We're trying to clean this mess up.
我最終想弄清楚動物園是否需要通過改變
I want to ultimately find out if zoos need to change,
來更好地服務動物和人類
to serve animals and humans better.
又或者它們是否應該淘汰在歷史中
Or if they should be consigned to history.
地平線 我們該關了動物園嗎
在哥本哈根動物園的一天
A day out at the zoo, in Copenhagen.
2014年 該動物園提供的一次科普教育
In 2014, the zoo offered families an educational experience that
可能讓有的人感到不適
some might find disturbing.
一隻名為馬呂斯的兩歲長頸鹿被捕殺
A two-year-old giraffe called Marius was culled,
然後在人前解剖 直接餵給了獅子
then dissected in front of them and fed to the lions.
這一切揭開了一項其他動物園
What happened here lifted the lid on a practice
很少能公開接受的舉動
few other zoos embrace so publicly.
今天我來到這裡再次目睹它的發生
Today I'm here to see it happen again.
哥本哈根動物園已經捕殺了另一隻動物
Copenhagen Zoo has culled another animal.
這次是一隻貂羚
This time it's a sable antelope.
她是怎麼被捕殺的 你們用了什麼方法
How was she culled? What method did you use?
她是用步槍射殺的
She was shot with a rifle
如果你想看的話 就能看到
and you can see, if you want to,
她被射中眉心
that she was shot right in the brain here.
這部分工作當然並不讓我們感到愉快
And obviously, this is not a very enjoyable part of our job,
麥斯·貝特爾森
哥本哈根動物園 獸醫
但關鍵是這樣做
but the key here is to do it
才能讓動物們不用經歷接下來要發生的事
so the animals have no idea what's coming
還得又快又準
and it has to be swift and efficient.
捕殺馬呂斯引起了全球性的抗議浪潮
The culling of Marius triggered a global storm of protest.
死亡的紅色長頸鹿馬呂斯
收到批評的有班特·霍爾斯特
In the firing line was Bengt Holst,
動物園的研究主管
director of research at the zoo.
班特 你對民眾的反應
Bengt, were you surprised by the reaction,
對捕殺馬呂斯而受到的強烈抵制震驚嗎
by the backlash that you got because of the culling of Marius?
的確震驚 因為這樣的事情我們已經做了
Yes, very much indeed, and that's because we have done this,
班特·霍爾斯特
哥本哈根動物園 研究與保護主管
我們運用這種理念超過三十年了
we have used this concept for more than 30 years here in the zoo,
我們對獅子和熊也這麼做
and we have done it with lions and with bears
還有豹子 羚羊和其它許多不同的動物
and leopards and antelopes and a lot of different animals,
最近才開始對長頸鹿這麼做
not with giraffes until now.
但這真的很奇怪
But it was really strange
因為我們以前從沒看過這種反應
because we have never had this reaction before.
這可能看起來很殘忍
It may seem cruel,
但捕殺動物是隨著動物園的現代化而產生的
but culling has come about with the modernisation of zoos.
在十九世紀 當動物園剛剛起步的時候
In the 19th century, when zoos began,
大部分的動物都是從野外捕獲的
most of the animals were taken from the wild.
動物園會在春季時訂購動物
Zoos would order animals for spring time,
因為新的季節要來了
you know, because there was a new season
大衛·漢考克
1975至84年 西雅圖伍德蘭動物園園長
你把它們帶進來
and you'd bring them in
如果它們能活過夏天 那很好
and if they survived the summer, that was great,
但如果不能 下一年多買點動物就好
but if not, you'd just order some more next year.
自20世紀80年代以來 動物園致力於
Since the 1980s, zoos have aimed to develop
發展一套和自然界更為積極的關係
a more positive relationship with the natural world.
如今我們更注重自然保護
Today it's much more conservation-minded.
從野外把所有動物帶回來是違背道德的
It's ethically wrong to take all animals in from the wild,
所以我們努力讓儘可能多的動物
so we strive at being self-sustaining
能做到自給自足
with as many animals as ever possible.
現在 動物園裡超過90%的動物
Now, more than 90% of the animals
都是在圈養中出生的
in zoos are born in captivity.
而園裡的動物有將近90%的物種
And around 90% of all species kept
在自然界中不是瀕危物種
are not endangered in the wild.
園裡的動物在全球各個動物園間進行交配
Animals are carefully paired across zoos around the world
以避免近親繁殖和確保基因多樣性
to avoid in-breeding and to ensure genetic diversity.
但這麼做有一個後果
But there is a consequence.
如果你想認真地進行動物育種
If you want to do serious breeding with animals,
想在遙遠的未來能有個健康的種群
where you go for a healthy population far into the future,
那麼不可避免的
then you cannot avoid having,
在某個階段就會出現繁殖過剩的情況
at some stage, if they breed well, a surplus.
因為動物園不可能正好培育出
That's because zoos can't breed
能維持一個可持續種群的動物
just the animals they need to maintain a sustainable population.
舉個例子 你不能走進一家商店
You cannot go into a shop
然後買三隻雄性和四隻雌性的動物
and buy three males and four females,
假設那是你的種群所需要的比例
for example, if that's what you need for your population.
你得讓它們繁衍
You have to let them breed
而你也無法預測性別比例會是多少
and you cannot predict what is the sex ratio.
在哥本哈根 之所以會培育出過剩的動物
At Copenhagen, surplus animals are also produced
是因為動物園用特殊的方法來保障動物福利
because the zoo takes a particular approach to animal welfare.
這隻動物是這個計劃裡過剩的
This particular animal is considered surplus to the programme,
因為它的基因已通過它眾多手足
in the sense that her genes are already represented fairly well
表達得相當不錯了
through numerous of her siblings.
這隻羚羊的父母和馬呂斯的父母一樣
The parents of this antelope, just like Marius's parents,
不是在國際育種計劃裡面配對的
were not paired in the international breeding programme.
相反 哥本哈根決定允許它們交配
Instead, Copenhagen decided to allow them to breed,
而不像其他動物園一樣阻止它們
rather than use methods to stop them, as other zoos do.
為什麼要捕殺它而不是採用避孕措施
Why cull, as opposed to using contraceptives?
因為如果採用避孕措施
Because by using contraceptives,
就剝奪了動物的交配繁殖行為
you take away the breeding behaviour from the animals.
我覺得能給動物們一個機會
I think it's very important that
去儘可能多地表達它們的自然天性
we give the animals an opportunity to perform
是件很重要的事情
as much natural behaviour as ever possible.
而交配繁殖就是自然天性中的重要部分
And breeding behaviour is a big part of that natural behaviour.
如果這部分沒了 動物福利就有問題了
If you take away that part, you have a welfare problem.
你減少了它們的福利
You reduce their welfare.
在捕殺它們之前
Before considering culling,
動物園也考慮過把過剩動物轉到其他動物園
zoos look at moving surplus animals to other zoos.
但地方是有限的
But space is limited,
而那些對育種計劃有價值的動物
and priority is given to housing animals that are valuable
才會有優先權
to the breeding programmes.
其實這也說明了並沒有什麼過剩動物
This sort of proves that there are no surplus animals.
任何事物都要各司其職
Everything has a role to play.
儘管哥本哈根的政策十分有爭議
As controversial as Copenhagen's policy is,
也許是最令人震驚的
perhaps what's most surprising is
是他們執行的開放程度
how openly it's carried out here.
我們不知道其他有多少動物園
It's not known how many other zoos