RNAi 圖片來源:維基百科
1月3日,國際著名雜誌自然-通訊Nature Communications在線刊登了美國和日本的研究人員的最新研究成果「Inhibition of specific gene expressions by protein-mediated mRNA interference。」,文章中,作者報導了一種新的抑制基因表達的方法,作者運用蛋白質介導的RNA幹擾的方法從而來抑制特定基因的表達。
RNAi(RNA interference)即指的是與靶基因同源的雙鏈RNA誘導的特異轉錄後基因沉默表達的一種現象,RNAi的作用機理是核酸內切酶Dicer將dsRNA(雙鏈RNA)切割成多個具有特定長度和結構的小片段RNA即siRNA,siRNA在細胞內RNA解旋酶的作用下解鏈成正義鏈和反義鏈,然後反義siRNA再與體內一些酶結合形成RNA誘導的沉默複合物(RNA-induced silencing complex,RISC)。RISC與外源性基因表達的mRNA的同源區進行特異性結合併且在結合部位切割mRNA,被切割後的斷裂mRNA隨即降解。siRNA不僅能引導RISC切割同源單鏈mRNA,而且可作為引物與靶RNA結合併在RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,RdRP)作用下合成更多新的dsRNA,新合成的dsRNA再由Dicer切割產生大量的次級siRNA,從而使RNAi的作用進一步放大,最終將靶mRNA完全降解。如今RNA幹擾技術已經發展成為基因治療、基因結構功能研究的快速而有效的方法。
在文章中,研究人員首次報導了運用蛋白質介導的RNA幹擾的方法,一把情況下,RNAi涉及的RNA均為反義RNA、短鏈幹擾RNA和小RNA,這些RNA在細胞信使RNA的水平下調節特定的基因表達,作者從超級嗜鹽古菌中識別出了一種mRNA幹擾酶(MazF-hw mRNA interferase),這種超級嗜鹽古菌可以利用一種序列(UUACUCA)來清除RNA,這種序列在視紫紅質轉錄激活劑和古菌的膜蛋白質的信使RNA中量非常多,也就說明了這些蛋白質的表達是通過MazF-hw來調節的,大腸桿菌中必要基因中的這些序列位點被清除以後,大腸桿菌將不再對MazF-hw敏感,研究人員由此便揭示出特定的基因表達可以被序列特異性的mRNA幹擾酶所調節,RNA幹擾並不僅僅可以通過RNA來進行,而且可以通過蛋白質來調節使基因表達沉默。(生物谷T.Shen編譯 Bioon.com)(有問題請及時指正)
Inhibition of specific gene expressions by protein-mediated mRNA interference
Yoshihiro Yamaguchi,1 Hirofumi Nariya,1, 2 Jung-Ho Park1 & Masayori Inouye1
RNA interference mediated by RNA such as antisense RNA, short interfering RNA and micro RNA is well documented to regulate specific gene expression at the level of messenger RNA. However, RNA interference mediated by proteins has not been reported. Here we identify the MazF-hw mRNA interferase from a superhalophilic archaeon that cleaves RNA at a specific seven-base sequence (UUACUCA). This sequence was found unusually abundant in the mRNAs for rhodopsin transcription activator and some membrane proteins of the archaeon, suggesting that the expression of these proteins is regulated by MazF-hw. When all of the seven-base cleavage sites in essential genes in Escherichia coli were eliminated, the cells were no longer sensitive to MazF-hw, demonstrating that specific gene expression can be regulated by a sequence-specific mRNA interferase. These findings demonstrate that mRNA interference can be mediated not only by RNA but also by proteins to effectively silence specific gene expression in cells.