國務院新聞辦公室9月3日發表《中國的核安全》白皮書。雙語全文如下：
中國的核安全
Nuclear Safety in China
（2019年9月）
中華人民共和國
國務院新聞辦公室
The State Council Information Office of
the People’s Republic of China
September 2019
目錄
Contents
前言
Preface
一、樹立理性、協調、並進的核安全觀
I. Following a Rational, Coordinated and Balanced Nuclear Safety Strategy
二、構建核安全政策法規體系
II. Building a Policy and Legal Framework on Nuclear Safety
三、實施科學有效安全監管
III. Ensuring Effective Regulation of Nuclear Safety
四、保持高水平安全
IV. Maintaining High-Level Safety
五、營造共建共享的核安全氛圍
V. Co-building and Sharing Nuclear Safety
六、打造核安全命運共同體
VI. Building a Community of Shared Future for Nuclear Safety
結束語
Conclusion
前言
Preface
原子的發現和核能的開發利用，給人類發展帶來了新的動力，極大增強了人類認識世界和改造世界的能力。同時，核能發展也伴生著安全風險和挑戰。人類要更好利用核能、實現更大發展，必須應對好各種核安全挑戰，維護好核安全。
The discovery of the atom and the subsequent development and utilization of nuclear energy have given a new impetus to the progress of humanity and greatly enhanced our ability to understand and shape the world. Yet nuclear energy has associated risks and challenges. To better utilize nuclear energy and achieve greater progress, we must properly respond to the challenges it poses and ensure nuclear safety.
中華人民共和國成立初期，面對國家建設和發展的需要，中國政府作出了開發利用核能的重大決定，中國核事業（注1）正式起步。近70年來，中國核事業從無到有、持續發展，形成了完備的核工業體系，為保障能源安全、保護生態環境、提高人民生活水平、促進經濟高質量發展作出了重要貢獻。中國始終把保障核安全作為重要的國家責任，融入核能開發利用全過程，始終以安全為前提發展核事業，按照最嚴格標準實施監督管理，始終積極適應核事業發展的新要求，不斷推動核安全與時俱進、創新發展，保持了良好的安全記錄，走出一條中國特色核安全之路。
In the early days of the People’s Republic of China, due to the requirement for national development, the Chinese government made a major decision to develop and utilize nuclear energy, officially launching its nuclear industry. Over the past 70 years, China’s nuclear industry has grown from scratch, developed steadily, and formed a complete system, which has made an important contribution to ensuring energy security, protecting the environment, improving people’s living standards, and promoting high-quality economic development. China has always regarded nuclear safety as an important national responsibility, and integrated it into the entire process of nuclear energy development and utilization. It has always developed the nuclear industry subject to considerations of safety, implemented regulation in accordance with the strictest standards, and adapted to the new requirements of the nuclear industry. China’s nuclear industry has always developed in line with the latest safety standards and maintained a good safety record, pursuing an innovation-driven path of nuclear safety with Chinese characteristics.
黨的十八大以來，中國的核安全事業進入安全高效發展的新時期。習近平主席提出理性、協調、並進的核安全觀，強調發展和安全並重，倡導打造全球核安全命運共同體，為新時期中國核安全發展指明了方向，為推進核能開發利用國際合作、實現全球持久核安全提供了中國方案。在核安全觀引領下，中國逐步構建起法律規範、行政監管、行業自律、技術保障、人才支撐、文化引領、社會參與、國際合作等為主體的核安全治理體系，核安全防線更加牢固。
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s nuclear industry has entered a new period of safe and efficient development. President Xi Jinping proposed a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy, placing equal emphasis on development and safety, and advocating building a community of shared future for global nuclear safety – he has pointed out the direction for China’s nuclear safety for a new era, and provided the Chinese approach to international cooperation in the development and utilization of nuclear energy, and to lasting global nuclear safety. Under the guidance of this strategy, China has gradually built a nuclear safety governance system with legal norms, administrative regulation, industry self-discipline, technical support, personnel support, cultural guidance, public participation, and international cooperation as the pillars. The guarantee of nuclear safety is stronger.
作為構建公平、合作、共贏的國際核安全體系的重要倡導者、推動者和參與者，中國在做好自身核安全的同時，認真履行核安全國際義務，大力推動核安全雙多邊合作，積極促進核能和平利用造福全人類，為全球核安全治理貢獻了中國智慧、中國力量。
China is an important advocate, promoter and participant in building a fair, collaborative and mutually beneficial international nuclear safety system. It has done a good job in ensuring its own nuclear safety, fulfilled its international obligations, and promoted bilateral and multilateral cooperation on nuclear safety. We have actively promoted the peaceful use of nuclear energy for the benefit of all humanity and contributed China’s wisdom and strength to global nuclear safety governance.
為介紹中國核安全事業發展歷程，闡述中國核安全的基本原則和政策主張，分享中國核安全監管的理念和實踐，闡明中國推進全球核安全治理進程的決心和行動，特發布本白皮書。
This white paper is being released to introduce China’s approach to nuclear safety, elaborate on its basic principles and policies, share the concepts and practices of regulation, and clarify China’s determination to promote global nuclear safety governance and the actions it has taken to achieve this.
一、樹立理性、協調、並進的核安全觀
I. Following a Rational, Coordinated and Balanced Nuclear Safety Strategy
2014年3月24日，在荷蘭海牙第三屆核安全峰會上，習近平主席提出理性、協調、並進的核安全觀。中國核安全觀是習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想在核安全領域的集中體現，是中國總體國家安全觀的重要組成部分，是核安全治理領域的重大理論創新，是推進國際核安全進程的重要裡程碑，為解決核安全全球治理的根本性問題，構建核安全命運共同體指明了原則、方法和路徑。
On March 24, 2014, at the third Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, the Netherlands, President Xi Jinping proposed a rational, coordinated and balanced nuclear safety strategy. China’s nuclear safety strategy is the embodiment of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the nuclear field, an important element of China’s overall national security framework, and a major innovation in the theory of nuclear safety governance. The strategy is an important milestone in promoting international nuclear safety. It lays out the principles and methods for addressing the fundamental issues of global nuclear safety governance and building a community of shared future for nuclear safety.
中國核安全觀的核心內涵是「四個並重」。全面系統推進核安全進程，是中國核安全觀的核心要義，體現為發展和安全並重、權利和義務並重、自主和協作並重、治標和治本並重。
The kernel of China’s nuclear safety strategy is the 「Four Emphases」. Systematically promoting nuclear safety in an all-round way is the main purpose of China’s nuclear safety strategy, which is embodied in equal emphasis on development and safety, rights and obligations, independent efforts and coordination, and symptoms and root causes.
——發展和安全並重，以確保安全為前提發展核能事業。發展是安全的基礎，安全是發展的條件。發展和安全是人類和平利用核能的基本訴求，猶如車之兩輪、鳥之雙翼，相輔相成、缺一不可。應秉持為發展求安全、以安全促發展的理念，讓發展和安全兩個目標有機融合、相互促進。只有實現更好發展，才能真正管控安全風險；只有實現安全保障，核能才能持續發展。
– We should place equal emphasis on development and safety, and develop the nuclear industry in a context of guaranteed safety. Development is the foundation of safety, while safety is a precondition of development. Development and safety are the basic requirements of humanity for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. We should uphold the concept of seeking safety for development and promoting development with safety, so that the two objectives can be integrated and mutually reinforcing. Only by achieving better development can we truly control safety risks; and only by guaranteeing safety can nuclear energy achieve sustainable development.
——權利和義務並重，以尊重各國權益為基礎推進國際核安全進程。各國應切實履行核安全國際法律文書規定的義務，全面執行聯合國安理會有關決議，鞏固和發展現有核安全法律框架。同時，堅持公平原則，秉持務實精神，尊重各國根據本國國情採取適合自身的核安全政策和舉措的權利，尊重各國保護核安全敏感信息的權利。
– We should place equal emphasis on rights and obligations, and promote international nuclear safety on the basis of respect for the rights and interests of all countries. States should effectively fulfill their obligations under the international legal instruments on nuclear safety, fully implement the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, and consolidate and develop the existing legal framework for nuclear safety. At the same time, we should adhere to the principle of fairness and uphold pragmatism in respecting the right of all countries to adopt their own nuclear safety policies and measures suited to their national conditions, and respecting their right to protect sensitive nuclear safety information.
——自主和協作並重，以互利共贏為途徑尋求普遍核安全。核安全首先是國家課題，首要責任應由各國政府承擔。各國政府應知責任、負責任，既對自己負責，也對世界負責，加強協作、共建共享、互利共贏，既從中受益，也作出貢獻，努力實現核安全進程全球化。
– We should place equal emphasis on independent efforts and coordination, and seek universal nuclear safety with a mutually beneficial approach. Nuclear safety is first and foremost a national issue, and the primary responsibility should be borne by the government of each country. Governments should understand and undertake their responsibilities, and be responsible not only to themselves but also to the world. They should strengthen coordination, make joint efforts, share achievements, and seek mutual benefit. We should benefit from and contribute to nuclear safety, and endeavor to globalize nuclear safety.
——治標和治本並重，以消除根源為目標全面推進核安全努力。完善核安全政策舉措，發展現代化和低風險核能，堅持核材料供需平衡，加強防擴散出口控制，深化打擊核恐怖主義國際合作，消除核安全隱患和核擴散風險。各國應團結起來，發展和諧友善的國家關係，共同營造和平穩定的國際環境，從根源上解決核恐怖主義和核擴散問題，實現核能的持久安全和發展。
– We should place equal emphasis on symptoms and root causes, and comprehensively promote nuclear safety by eliminating the root causes of risk. We will improve nuclear safety policy measures, develop modern and low-risk nuclear energy, maintain a balance between supply and demand in nuclear materials, strengthen non-proliferation efforts and export control, further international cooperation against nuclear terrorism, and eliminate potential dangers to nuclear safety and risks of nuclear proliferation. All countries should work together to develop harmonious and friendly relations, create a peaceful and stable international environment, and solve the problems of nuclear terrorism and proliferation from the root, thus realizing the lasting safety and development of nuclear energy.
中國在確保安全基礎上開展核能和平利用，既滿足當代人的需要，又不對子孫後代遺留隱患、構成危害，以保障人類文明永續發展。中國核安全工作的基本原則是：安全第一、依法治核，預防為主、縱深防禦，責任明確、獨立監管，嚴格管理、全面保障。
China practices peaceful use of nuclear energy on the basis of ensuring safety, which responds to the needs of the people today and will not leave any risk or cause harm to future generations. This practice will guarantee the sustainable development of human civilization.The basic principles of China’s nuclear safety are: putting safety first and exercising nuclear safety governance in accordance with the law, focusing on risk prevention and implementing defense-in-depth, ensuring clear lines of responsibility and independent regulation, and practicing strict management and providing comprehensive guarantees.
——安全第一、依法治核。牢固樹立「安全大於天」的觀念，確保核安全決策不受其他因素影響。不斷健全核安全法律法規體系，確保依法依規開發利用核能。
– Putting safety first and exercising nuclear safety governance in accordance with the law. We should establish the concept that safety is of the utmost importance and ensure that nuclear safety is the paramount consideration in decision-making. We will continue to improve the system of laws and regulations on nuclear safety, and ensure that nuclear energy is developed and utilized in accordance with the law.
——預防為主、縱深防禦。重視通過成熟的設計、高質量的建造和運行管理，消除隱患，預防核事故發生。貫徹縱深防禦理念，設置多道防禦屏障和多重保護，強化防禦措施的完整性、獨立性和有效性。
– Focusing on risk prevention and implementing defense-in-depth. We should concentrate our efforts on eliminating potential risks and preventing nuclear accidents through mature design, high-quality construction, and sound operational management. Following the principle of defense-in-depth, we set up multiple barriers and multiple forms of protection, and strengthen the integrity, independence, and effectiveness of preventative measures.
——責任明確、獨立監管。核設施營運單位對核安全負全面責任。國家核安全監管部門獨立實施核安全監管；國家核工業主管部門、能源主管部門和其他有關部門按照職責分工負責有關的核安全管理工作。
– Ensuring clear lines of responsibility and independent regulation. Nuclear facility operating organizations shall take overall responsibility for safety. The national nuclear safety regulatory body implements independent regulation; the nuclear industry and energy authorities, and other relevant authorities are responsible for the management of nuclear safety in accordance with the division of duties.
——嚴格管理、全面保障。嚴格落實核安全法律法規和標準要求，通過行政許可、技術審評、監督執法等方式實施監管。建立核安全工作協調機制，完善核安全政策法規，制定實施核安全規劃，培育核安全文化，加強資源配置和能力建設，全面保障核安全。
– Practicing strict management and providing comprehensive guarantees. We should strictly implement nuclear safety laws, regulations and standards, and carry out regulation through administrative licensing, technical review, surveillance, and law enforcement. We will establish a coordination mechanism for nuclear safety, improve the relevant policies and regulations, formulate and implement relevant plans, foster a nuclear safety culture, and strengthen resource allocation and capacity building, so as to ensure comprehensive nuclear safety.
（注1）本白皮書不包括中國香港特別行政區、中國澳門特別行政區、臺灣省相關情況。
二、構建核安全政策法規體系
II. Building a Policy and Legal Framework on Nuclear Safety
中國是核能與核技術利用大國，核安全是國家安全的重要內容，政策法規是核安全的基本保障。中國從高從嚴構建核安全政策法規體系，實施國家核安全戰略，制定核安全中長期規劃，完善核安全法規標準，確保核安全管理要求從高不從低、管理尺度從嚴不從寬。
China is a leading country in the application of nuclear energy and technologies. Nuclear safety is critical to national security, and the corresponding policies and laws are the cornerstone of nuclear safety. To achieve optimal management of nuclear safety, China employs the highest standards and strictest requirements in shaping the policy and legal framework, implementing a national strategy, making medium- and long-term plans, and improving laws and regulations concerning nuclear safety.
制定實施國家核安全戰略。中國將開發利用核能作為促進經濟社會快速發展、建設美麗中國的重要戰略，納入國民經濟和社會發展中長期規劃。中華人民共和國成立以來特別是改革開放以來，中國核能利用從起步發展、適度發展到積極發展、安全高效發展，始終堅持安全第一，實現發展和安全兩個目標相互促進、有機融合。
Formulating a national nuclear safety strategy. China treats the development and utilization of nuclear energy as an important strategy to boost economic and social development and build a beautiful China, including it in the country’s medium- and long-term plans for national economic and social development. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and particularly since reform and opening up, China has committed itself to prioritizing nuclear safety and maintaining a balance between safety and development throughout the stages of initial, early, active, and safe and efficient development.
制定發布核安全中長期發展規劃。在國民經濟和社會發展五年規劃的總體框架下，中國每五年制定實施核安全中長期規劃，先後發布了《核安全與放射性汙染防治「十二五」規劃及2020年遠景目標》《核安全與放射性汙染防治「十三五」規劃及2025年遠景目標》，分析了核安全現狀與形勢，闡明了核安全指導思想和基本原則，明確了核安全目標指標、重點任務、重點工程、保障措施，統籌核安全各項工作，有效提升核安全水平和監管能力。
Making medium- and long-term development plans for nuclear safety. China makes medium- and long-term development plans for nuclear safety every five years under the framework of the Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. It has released the 12th Five-year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control and Vision for 2020, and the 13th Five-year Plan for Nuclear Safety and Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control and Vision for 2025, analyzing the situation, clarifying guidelines and principles, and
defining goal indicators, key tasks and projects, and supportive measures for nuclear safety. These plans have helped to coordinate all efforts to ensure nuclear safety and effectively improved our nuclear safety and regulatory capacity.
建立系統完備的法規標準體系。中國持續強化核安全法規標準建設，形成了法律、行政法規、部門規章相銜接，法規要求和技術標準相補充，中央和地方相結合的法規標準體系，實現了核能開發利用安全監管全覆蓋，為依法治核夯實了基礎。2003年6月，《中華人民共和國放射性汙染防治法》頒布；2017年9月，《中華人民共和國核安全法》頒布。截至2019年6月，頒布《民用核設施安全監督管理條例》《民用核安全設備監督管理條例》《核材料管制條例》《核電廠核事故應急管理條例》等行政法規9部，發布部門規章30餘項和安全導則100餘項，制定核安全相關國家標準和行業標準1000餘項，31個省、自治區、直轄市制定地方性法規文件200餘個。及時總結國內外核安全實踐經驗，密切跟蹤國際原子能機構和核電發達國家最新安全要求，不斷更新法規標準，始終保持國際先進水平。
Establishing a sound system of laws and industrial standards. China continues to strengthen the formulation of the laws on nuclear safety, under which administrative regulations and departmental rules dovetail with the law, the provisions of laws and regulations and technical standards complement each other, and central and local regulations combine to the best effect. This makes the full regulation of nuclear energy development and utilization possible, laying the foundations for the rule of law in this sector. In June 2003, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution was promulgated; in September 2017, the Nuclear Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China was issued. By June 2019, China had enacted nine administrative regulations such as the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Civil Nuclear Facilities, the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Civil Nuclear Safety Equipment, the Regulations on Nuclear Material Control, and the Regulations on Emergency Management of Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants. It had issued over 30 sets of departmental rules and 100 sets of safety guidelines, and formulated over 1,000 national and industry standards related to nuclear safety. Over 200 local regulations have been formulated by China’s 31 provinces and equivalent administrative units. To update legal standards and keep abreast with the most advanced international developments, we have reviewed and summarized domestic and overseas experience in nuclear safety, and closely tracked the latest safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency and countries with advanced nuclear technologies.
三、實施科學有效安全監管
III. Ensuring Effective Regulation of Nuclear Safety
中國把保障核安全作為重要的國家責任，成立專門機構實施統一監管，建立獨立、公開、法治、理性、有效的監管體系，加強技術保障和人才隊伍建設，不斷推進核安全監管體系和監管能力現代化，保障了核安全監管的獨立性、權威性和有效性。
China treats nuclear safety as an important obligation of the state, and exercises unified regulation through special organizations and a regulatory system underpinned by independence, openness, the rule of law, rationality, and effectiveness. To ensure independent regulation of nuclear safety and enhance its authority and effectiveness, China has strengthened technical support and developed a professional team while modernizing the system and the regulatory capacity.
建立健全「三位一體」監管機構。實行核安全、輻射安全和輻射環境管理的統一獨立監管，建立了總部機關、地區監督站、技術支持單位「三位一體」的核安全監管組織體系。1984年，中國成立國家核安全局，負責民用核設施安全監督管理，制定核安全政策、法規、標準和規劃，實施核安全許可，統籌全國核安全監管工作。設置華北、華東、華南、西南、西北、東北6個地區核與輻射安全監督站，作為國家核安全局派出機構，實施區域核安全監督檢查。設立核與輻射安全中心、輻射環境監測技術中心等專業技術機構，為安全審查、獨立驗證、監督執法、輻射環境評價等提供全方位支持。各級地方政府結合實際設立監管機構或配備專兼職監管人員，開展本地區輻射安全監管。
A three-pronged regulatory system. In China, unified regulation over the surveillance of nuclear safety, radiation safety, and the radiation environment is exercised independently, and a three-pronged regulatory system consisting of headquarters, regional offices and technical support organizations is in place. Established in 1984, the National Nuclear Safety Administration is responsible for the regulation of civil nuclear facilities, the formulation of nuclear safety policies, laws, regulations, standards, and plans, the implementation of nuclear safety license management, and the coordination of nuclear safety regulation across the country. To perform nuclear and radiation safety surveillance it has six regional offices in the north, east, south, southwest, northwest, and northeast of China. Professional technical support organizations such as the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center and the Radiation Monitoring Technical Center provide technical support for nuclear safety review, independent verification, surveillance, law
enforcement, and assessment of the radiation environment. Local governments at all levels regulate regional radiation safety through regulatory organizations or full-time/part-time regulators according to local conditions.
全鏈條實施審評許可。通過全鏈條安全許可和嚴格的技術審評，強化對核設施、核材料、核活動和放射性物質的安全管控。對核電廠、研究堆、核燃料循環設施以及放射性廢物處理、貯存和處置等核設施的選址、建造、運行和退役活動，實施全生命周期的分階段許可管理；對持有核材料的單位，實施核材料許可管理；對放射性同位素和射線裝置生產、銷售和使用單位，實施分級分類輻射安全許可管理；對放射性物品運輸活動，實施運輸審批和在線監控；對民用核安全設備設計、製造、安裝、無損檢驗單位和放射性物品運輸容器設計、製造單位，實施許可管理。建立實施以風險為指引、以問題為導向的審評方法體系，持續提升獨立驗證和校核計算、概率安全分析和風險評估能力。
Comprehensive review and license management. The government has strengthened safety control of nuclear facilities, materials and activities and radioactive materials through comprehensive safety licensing and rigorous technical review. It exercises full life-cycle and phased license management over the siting, construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear power plants, research reactors, nuclear fuel cycle facilities, and facilities that handle the treatment, storage, and disposal of radioactive waste. The government implements license management over licensees that have nuclear materials, and over licensees that produce, sell and use radioisotope and radiation-emitting devices based on categories and levels of radiation. It performs approval and online monitoring over the transport of radioactive materials and implements license management over licensees that design, manufacture, install, and perform nondestructive testing of civil nuclear safety equipment, and licensees that design and manufacture containers for the transport of radioactive materials. A risk-informed and problem-oriented review system has been established, and efforts are being made to enhance the capacity of independent verification and calculations, probabilistic safety assessment, and risk assessment.
全過程開展監督執法。堅持依法嚴格對核設施和從事核活動的單位進行監督檢查，確保符合核安全法規標準和許可要求。對核設施營運單位、核安全設備製造和核技術利用單位開展常態化監督檢查，覆蓋設計、採購、製造、建造、運行、退役等與核安全有關的全部物項和活動，對重點核設施、核活動開展駐廠安全監督，及時督促違規企業整改，對違法企業依法處罰。開展專項行動，嚴肅處理重大質量問題，嚴厲打擊違規操作和弄虛作假行為。建設全國統一的核電廠和研究堆經驗反饋平臺，交流經驗、共享信息，有效保障核設施安全運行。
Whole-process surveillance and law enforcement. The government performs rigorous surveillance of nuclear facilities and units that are engaged in nuclear activities in accordance with the law, to ensure compliance with nuclear safety laws, regulations, standards, and licensing requirements. It carries out regular surveillance of units that operate nuclear facilities, manufacture nuclear safety equipment, and utilize nuclear technologies, covering all matters and activities in relation to nuclear safety such as design, purchasing, manufacturing, construction, operation, and decommissioning. The government performs on-site safety surveillance of key nuclear facilities and activities, urges enterprises in violation of relevant regulations to rectify, and punishes those that violate the law. It has initiated special programs to handle major cases caused by quality issues, taking resolute action against operations involving falsification and violation of regulations. A national platform has been set up for nuclear power plants and research reactors to share experience and information, to effectively ensure the safe operation of nuclear facilities.
全天候監測輻射環境。建立國家、省和市三級輻射環境監測體系，建成全國輻射環境質量監測、重點核設施周圍輻射環境監督性監測和核與輻射應急監測「三張網」，實現輻射環境全覆蓋全天候監控。截至2019年6月，國家級輻射環境監測網絡共有1501個監測點，包括167個大氣輻射環境自動監測站、328個陸地點、362個土壤點、477個水體點、48個海水點、85個電磁輻射監測點、34個海洋生物監測點，並建立46套重點核設施周圍輻射環境監督性監測系統和食品放射性物質監測點。
Round-the-clock radiation environment monitoring. China has established a three-tier radiation environment monitoring system at state, provincial and municipal level, and three networks – national radiation environment monitoring, surveillance monitoring of radiation environment in the vicinity of key nuclear facilities, and nuclear and radiation emergency monitoring – to monitor radiation environment round-the-clock in all areas. As of June 2019, the state radiation environment monitoring network had 1,501 monitoring sites: 167 automatic monitoring sites for atmospheric radiation, 328 land sites, 362 soil sites, 477 inland water sites, 48 seawater sites, 85 electromagnetic radiation sites, and 34 marine life sites. There were also 46 radiation environment surveillance monitoring systems set up in the vicinity of key nuclear facilities as well as sites set up to monitor radioactivity in food.
提升核與輻射事故應急能力。成立國家核事故應急協調委員會，建立國家、省和核設施營運單位三級核應急組織管理體系，組織協調核事故和輻射事故應對。建立健全輻射事故應急管理體系和事故響應與處置機制，建設覆蓋全國的應急監測調度平臺，督導各省、自治區、直轄市全覆蓋開展輻射事故應急實戰演練，快速響應、妥善處置各類輻射事故。組建300人的國家核應急救援隊和25支專業救援分隊，設立8類國家級核應急專業技術支持中心，建立3個核電企業核事故快速支援基地，建有核輻射損傷救治基地17家，定期開展核應急聯合演習，提升核事故應急準備和響應能力。
Improved nuclear and radiation emergency response. China has set up the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee, and formed a three-tier emergency response system at state and provincial level and also at nuclear facility operating organizations, to organize emergency response to nuclear and radiation accidents. The state has established an emergency management system and a response and action mechanism for radiation accidents, and an emergency monitoring and dispatch platform that covers the whole country. All provinces and equivalent administrative units have carried out radiation response drills to enhance their capacity in rapid response and proper action to different types of radiation accidents. China has a 300-member national nuclear emergency rescue team and 25 professional rescue units, 8 types of national nuclear emergency technical support centers, 3 fast support bases for nuclear accidents at nuclear power plants, and 17 medical centers for treating nuclear radiation injuries. Regular joint nuclear emergency drills are carried out to improve preparedness and response.
不斷推進隊伍建設。著眼於核事業發展和核安全監管需要，把隊伍建設作為百年大計和基礎工程，大力培養政治強、本領高、作風硬、敢擔當，特別能吃苦、特別能戰鬥、特別能奉獻的核安全「鐵軍」，逐步形成總部機關百人、中央本級千人、全國近萬人的核與輻射安全監管隊伍。推進核安全領軍人才隊伍建設，成立由25位中國科學院和中國工程院院士、100餘位行業內權威專家組成的國家核安全專家委員會。加強專業人才隊伍建設，推行核安全專業人才資質管理制度，加強核設施操縱人員、核安全設備焊接人員和無損檢驗人員等特種工藝人員資質管理，對核安全關鍵崗位實施註冊核安全工程師制度。建立健全高等院校、科研機構與企業互聯互通的人才教育培訓機制，積極拓寬人才培訓渠道，加大核安全從業人才培養力度，不斷提高核安全專業人才技術能力和安全素養。截至2019年6月，全國開辦核工程類專業的大學共72家，其中專門設立核學院的有47家，每年招收核工程類專業本科人數約3000人。
Stronger professional teams. To meet the requirements of the development of the nuclear sector and nuclear safety regulation, China has given top priority to strengthening the professional teams, to develop an 「iron army」 with strong political convictions, professional capacity, impeccable conduct and a strong sense of responsibility. They will work under pressure, persevere, and dedicate themselves to the cause of nuclear safety. A nuclear and radiation safety regulation team has been formed, consisting of 100 persons at the headquarters, 1,000 persons at the central level, and nearly 10,000 persons nationwide. To cultivate leading figures in nuclear safety, the state has set up a national nuclear safety expert commission composed of 25 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and more than 100 leading experts on nuclear safety. To develop the professional teams, China has enforced qualification management of nuclear safety professionals, strengthened the qualification management of nuclear facility operators, nuclear safety equipment welders, nondestructive testers, and other special posts, and required registered nuclear safety engineers for critical posts. China has established an education and training mechanism involving institutions of higher learning, research institutes, and enterprises, to expand the channels of professional training, strengthen the cultivation of nuclear safety professionals, and enhance their technical competence and safety awareness. As of June 2019, there were 72 universities in China running programs on nuclear engineering, of which 47 had separate schools on nuclear science, enrolling some 3,000 undergraduates in nuclear engineering each year.
大力開展核安全技術研發。將核安全科研列入國家科技計劃相關項目，加快推進戰略性、基礎性、公益性核安全科技研發，建成國家核與輻射安全監管技術研發中心，開展輻射環境監測和技術審評關鍵技術研究，創新審評監督技術手段。鼓勵行業開發和推廣應用先進、可靠的核安全技術，先進反應堆及系統的技術研發和示範工程建設取得重要成就，自主研發的核電廠數位化儀控系統首次在「華龍一號」示範工程得到應用，大型先進壓水堆CAP1400取得重要科技成果，高溫氣冷堆、鈉冷快堆示範工程順利推進，小型反應堆在不同應用領域的技術研發進展順利。持續推動核電裝備國產化，不斷提升核電裝備製造能力，穩步提高百萬千瓦級核電機組關鍵設備自主化、國產化水平，壓力容器、蒸汽發生器、主管道、先進核燃料、核級焊材等核安全關鍵設備和材料的自主研發和國產化取得重大成果，實現自主安全發展。
Enhancing R&D in nuclear safety technology. China has included R&D in nuclear safety into national planning for scientific and technological programs, with a focus on work of a strategic nature for basic application and public good. China has established a National Research and Development Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety Regulation, conducted research on key technologies of radiation environment monitoring and technical review, and employed new technology in review and surveillance. The state encourages the nuclear industry to develop and apply advanced and reliable nuclear safety technology. Important results have been achieved in the technological research and demonstration projects on advanced reactors and supporting systems. A proprietary distributed control system (DCS) for nuclear power plants has been applied in the Hualong-1 demonstration project. The pressurized water reactor CAP1400 has made important breakthroughs. Demonstration projects in high temperature gas-cooled and sodium-cooled fast reactors are making headway, and R&D in small reactors for different applications are progressing smoothly. China is using more nuclear power equipment manufactured domestically, and working hard to increase its manufacturing capacity in nuclear power equipment. It has made steady progress to independently produce key equipment of GW-class nuclear power units, achieving key successes in the independent R&D and manufacturing of pressure vessels, steam generators, main pipelines, advanced nuclear fuels, nuclear-grade welding materials, and other key nuclear safety equipment and materials.
全面實施核安全改進行動。日本福島核事故發生後，中國政府組織專門力量對全國運行核電廠、在建核電廠、研究堆和其他重要核設施開展了歷時9個多月的綜合安全檢查，結果表明，中國核設施在選址時充分考慮了地震、洪水、海嘯等影響，由極端自然事件引發核事故的可能性極小。為進一步提升核設施安全水平，汲取日本福島核事故教訓，中國政府制定並實施了核設施短期、中期、長期安全改進計劃，增強了核設施抵禦外部事件、預防和緩解嚴重事故的能力。
Full implementation of nuclear safety improvements. In the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, the Chinese government organized a nine-month safety inspection of the country’s operating nuclear power plants, those under construction, research reactors, and other key nuclear facilities. The result showed a minimal possibility of nuclear accidents, as the sites of China’s nuclear facilities had been selected with full consideration of extreme natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, and tsunami. Learning from Japan’s lesson, the Chinese government has further enhanced its nuclear facility safety by implementing improvement plans for the short, medium, and long terms and by increasing nuclear facilities』 capacity to resist external events and prevent and mitigate serious accidents.
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