.Oliver was an extremely dashing, handsome, charming and largely unstable male that I completely lost my heart to.
而幫助我自己的狗狗 另一個動物在想什麼， 我完全傾心於他。
.(Laughter) He was a Bernese mountain dog, and my ex-husband and I adopted him, and about six months in, we realized that he was a mess.
他是伯爾尼茲山地犬， 我的前夫和我收養了他， 差不多六個月之後， 我們發現他一團糟。
.He had such paralyzing separation anxiety that we couldn't leave him alone.
他患有麻痺性分離焦躁症 我們根本不能留他獨處。
.Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.
有一次，他直接從我們公寓的三樓跳出去。
.He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.
他吃布料，也吃回收物。
.He hunted flies that didn't exist.
他捕捉不存在的蒼蠅。
.He suffered from hallucinations.
他深受幻覺困擾。
.He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.
他被診斷過為「犬類強迫性障礙」 而這些還只是冰山一角而已。
.But like with humans, sometimes it's six months in before you realize that the person that you love has some issues.
但是跟人類一樣， 有時候六個月之後 你才發現 你愛的那個人有一些毛病。
.(Laughter) And most of us do not take the person we're dating back to the bar where we met them or give them back to the friend that introduced us,
但大部分人不會把約會對象 丟回我們剛認識的那個酒吧 或者還給那位介紹我們認識的朋友。
.(Laughter) We love them anyway, and we stick to it, and that is what I did with my dog.
不管怎樣我們都愛他， 而且堅持愛下去。 我也這樣對我的狗狗。
.And I was a — I'd studied biology.
我學過生物學。
.I have a Ph.D. in history of science from MIT, and had you asked me years ago if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally, had emotions, I would have said yes,
我是MIT的科學史博士 如果十年前你問我 如果我愛的狗狗，或者狗這個群體 有沒有情緒，我會告訴你「有」。
.but I'm not sure that I would have told you that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder, a Prozac prescription and a therapist.
但我不確定是否會告訴你 他們也會患焦慮症、 吃百憂解（一種治療精神抑鬱的藥物）、看治療師。
.But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can, and actually trying to help my own dog overcome his panic and his anxiety, it just changed my life.
但我墜入了愛河，然後發現他們有種種問題， 而幫助我自己的狗狗 克服他的恐慌和焦慮， 也改變了我的生活，
.It cracked open my world.
打開了我的世界。
.And I spent the last seven years, actually, looking into this topic of mental illness in other animals.
我在過去的七年 探究了其他動物的精神疾病。
.Can they be mentally ill like people, and if so, what does it mean about us?
他們會像人一樣患精神疾病嗎？ 如果會，這對我們意味著什麼？
.And what I discovered is that I do believe they can suffer from mental illness, and actually looking and trying to identify mental illness in them
然後我發現我相信 他們會受精神疾病折磨， 而且觀看並試著辨認他們的精神疾病。
.often helps us be better friends to them and also can help us better understand ourselves.
有助於我們成為更好的朋友 也能更好地了解自己。
.So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.
讓我們稍微聊聊診斷過程吧，
.Many of us think that we can't know what another animal is thinking, and that is true, but any of you in relationships — at least this is my case —
很多人認為我們不可能知道 另一個動物在想什麼， 的確如此， 但你們任何一個談過戀愛的 至少就我而言。
.just because you ask someone that you're with or your parent or your child how they feel doesn't mean that they can tell you.
僅僅問了在一起的伴侶、父母和孩子， 他們感覺如何 不代表他們能告訴你。
.They may not have words to explain what it is that they're feeling, and they may not know.
也許他們不會用語言解釋自己的感覺。 亦或他們真的不清楚。
.It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon that we feel that we have to talk to someone to understand their emotional distress.
事實上這是最近的一個現象 我們以為，想了解對方的情緒困擾 就必須跟他們聊聊。
.Before the early th century, physicians often diagnosed emotional distress in their patients just by observation.
在二十世紀早期之前， 醫師們經常僅僅靠觀察 就診斷他們的病人。
.It also turns out that thinking about mental illness in other animals isn't actually that much of a stretch.
同時更沒有費心思索過 其他動物的精神疾病。
.Most mental disorders in the United States are fear and anxiety disorders, and when you think about it, fear and anxiety are actually really extremely helpful animal emotions.
大多數美國人的精神障礙是 恐懼和焦躁性障礙， 但仔細想一想， 這兩者實際上是極其有益的動物情緒。
.Usually we feel fear and anxiety in situations that are dangerous, and once we feel them, we then are motivated to move away from whatever is dangerous.
通常在危險的情況下我們才會感到恐懼和焦躁， 一旦感受到它們， 我們就會受到刺激而遠離危險。
.The problem is when we begin to feel fear and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
問題是，我們在不必要的時候也會感受到恐懼和焦慮。
.Mood disorders, too, may actually just be the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal, and obsessive compulsive disorders also
「情緒障礙」實際上僅僅是 作為有感知動物的一種消極面 強制性障礙也是。
.are often manifestations of a really healthy animal thing which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.
一種健康動物行為的表現 它讓你保持乾淨整潔。
.This tips into the territory of mental illness when you do things like compulsively over-wash your hands or paws, or you develop a ritual that's so extreme
這就進入了精神疾病領域 當動物強迫地過度洗手或洗爪子， 或發展出極端的儀式行為。
.that you can't sit down to a bowl of food unless you engage in that ritual.
以至於心滿意足之前 都不能坐下好好吃飯。
.So for humans, we have the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"
所以 對於人類我們有一本《診斷與統計手冊》
.which is basically an atlas of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.
這本冊子主要收錄了目前認可的精神障礙。
.In other animals, we have YouTube.
而其它動物，我們有Youtube
.(Laughter) This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"
這只是搜索【強迫症狗】的結果
.but I encourage all of you to look at "OCD cat."
但我鼓勵你們所有人 去搜一搜【強迫症貓】
.You will be shocked by what you see.
你會被結果驚到的。
.I'm going to show you just a couple examples.
在這我就分享一些例子
.This is an example of shadow-chasing.
這是一直追影子的狗
.I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.
我知道，這很好笑在某個程度上還很可愛
.The issue, though, is that dogs can develop compulsions like this that they then engage in all day.
問題是，狗狗有了這種強迫行為 就會一整天地重複下去。
.So they won't go for a walk, they won't hang out with their friends, they won't eat.
它們不去散步， 不跟朋友玩， 也不吃飯。
.They'll develop fixations like chasing their tails compulsively.
然後產生心理固著， 比如強迫地追自己尾巴。
.Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.
這裡有隻貓叫 【吉斯莫】，
.He looks like he's on a stakeout but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.
他看起來正在監視什麼 但這一舉動每天會持續若干小時
.He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw at the screen.
他就坐在那，用前爪一直，一直，一直擺弄百葉窗
.This is another example of what's considered a stereotypic behavior.
這是另外一個重複行為
.This is a sun bear at the Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
這是一隻在【奧克蘭】動物園的 馬來熊名為 【聽聽】，
.And if you just sort of happened upon this scene, you might think that Ting Ting is just playing with a stick, but Ting Ting does this all day,
然而如果你剛好看到這個畫面， 你可能會覺得【聽聽】 只是在玩樹枝， 但【 聽聽】 一整天就這樣，
.and if you pay close attention and if I showed you guys the full half-hour of this clip, you'd see that he does the exact same thing
如果你們仔細看 再等這半個小時的視頻放完， 會注意到它每次都做著同一動作，
.in the exact same order, and he spins the stick in the exact same way every time.
以同一順序和同一方式轉那個樹枝，
.Other super common behaviors that you may see, particularly in captive animals, are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies, and actually, humans do this too,
其他非常常見的行為， 尤其是籠子裡的動物， 有固定的踱步行為 事實上我們人類也一樣
.and in us, we'll sway, we'll move from side to side.
我們會擺動， 從這邊挪到那邊。
.Many of us do this, and sometimes it's an effort to soothe ourselves, and I think in other animals that is often the case too.
我們很多人這麼做 其實是一种放松方式， 而且我相信其他動物也是如此。
.But it's not just stereotypic behaviors that other animals engage in.
但他們不止重複行為
.This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.
她是【吉吉】。住在波士頓【富蘭克林】動物園的母猩猩。
.She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist, and she's been treated for a mood disorder among other things.
她有一個來自哈弗的精神醫師 幫她治療她的情緒病和其他問題。
.Many animals develop mood disorders.
很多動物都會有情緒障礙，
.Lots of creatures — this horse is just one example — develop self-destructive behaviors.
很多動物， 比如這隻馬 有自殘行為。
.They'll gnaw on things or do other things that may also soothe them, even if they're self-destructive, which could be considered similar to the ways that some humans cut themselves.
他們會亂咬東西 雖然是在放鬆心情， 但本質上在自我傷害 就像有些人割傷自己
.Plucking.
還有拔毛！
.Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin, you can pluck yourself compulsively, and some parrots actually have been studied to better understand trichotillomania, or compulsive plucking in humans,
原來，只要你有皮毛，羽毛，或皮膚 你就可能強迫性地拔毛， 人們通過研究鸚鵡 試圖找出人類【拔毛癖】或強迫性拔毛的原因。
.something that affects million Americans right now.
一個正在困擾兩千萬美國人的問題。
.Lab rats pluck themselves too.
實驗室的老鼠也拔自己的毛。
.In them, it's called barbering.
這在它們看來是「理髮」。
.Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan are coming back with what's considered canine PTSD, and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life
從伊拉克和阿富汗衝突退役的犬類 回來後被發現患有【犬類創傷後症候群】， 當它們被調回來後
.when they come back from deployments.
它們很難回到正常的生活。
.They can be too scared to approach men with beards or to hop into cars.
它們會害怕接近留鬍子的人 或不敢跳進車內。
.I want to be careful and be clear, though.
在這裡我想謹慎地澄清，
.I do not think that canine PTSD is the same as human PTSD.
我不認為犬類的【創傷後症候群】 跟人類的是一回事。
.But I also do not think that my PTSD is like your PTSD, or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.
但我同樣不認為 我的【創傷症候群】和你的一樣， 或我的焦慮和悲傷跟你的一樣。
.We are all different.
我們都是不同的。
.We also all have very different susceptibilities.
會有非常不同的承易受性。
.So two dogs, raised in the same household, exposed to the very same things, one may develop, say, a debilitating fear of motorcycles,
比如兩隻狗在一個家庭裡長大， 接觸相同的環境， 一隻可能對摩託車產生強烈畏懼，
.or a phobia of the beep of the microwave, and another one is going to be just fine.
或對微波爐的【叮】聲感到恐懼， 而另一隻可能就很正常。
.So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently: Is this just an instance of humans driving other animals crazy?
有件事很多人經常問我： 會不會是因為人類把動物逼瘋了，
.Or, is animal mental illness just a result of mistreatment or abuse?
或者，動物的精神問題是被虐待的結果？
.And it turns out we're actually so much more complicated than that.
而事實其實比這更複雜
.So one great thing that has happened to me is recently I published a book on this, and every day now that I open my email or when I go to a reading
最近我遇到的一件好事 自從出版了這方面的書之後 我每天打開電子郵箱 或者去一些 讀書會
.or even when I go to a cocktail party, people tell me their stories of the animals that they have met.
又只是或者去一些酒會， 人們都愛告訴我 他們見過的動物的故事。
.And recently, I did a reading in California, and a woman raised her hand after the talk and she said, "Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."
最近，我在加州去了一個讀書會， 然後在結束時 一個女人舉起手告訴我 「布萊曼博士，我覺得我的貓患有【創傷後症候群】。」
.And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."
然後我就說：「嗯，怎麼說？多告訴我一點。」
.So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue, and she used to live with an elderly man, and one day the man was vacuuming and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.
她的貓叫【萍】。她是被救出來的， 她之前跟一位老人家住在一起， 而一天那個人就在吸塵 然後他突然心臟病發，過世了。
.A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment alongside the body of her owner, and the vacuum had been running the entire time.
一個星期後，人們在公寓裡被發現【萍】 在她主人的屍體旁， 而吸塵器就這麼一直開著。
.For many months, up to I think two years after that incident, she was so scared she couldn't be in the house when anyone was cleaning.
很多個月之後，直到事發後整整兩年， 每次家裡有人在做衛生她都非常驚恐，不能呆在家。
.She was quite literally a scaredy cat.
是一隻名副其實的膽小貓
.She would hide in the closet.
她會躲在衣櫥裡，
.She was un-self-confident and shaky, but with the loving support of her family,a lot of a time, and their patience, now, three years later,
她不自信，全身發抖， 但那家人付出了愛，時間和耐心 現在，三年後，
.she's actually a happy, confident cat.
它變成一隻自信又幸福的貓。
.Another story of trauma and recovery that I came across was actually a few years ago.
我遇到的另一個從創傷恢復的故事 是幾年前。
.I was in Thailand to do some research.
我在泰國做一些研究。
.I met a monkey named Boonlua, and when Boonlua was a baby, he was attacked by a pack of dogs, and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,
我碰到一隻猴子名叫【布魯納】， 在布魯納很小的時候， 被一群狗攻擊了， 它們扯掉了他的雙腿和一條手臂，
.and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery, where the monks took him in.
然後布魯納把自己拖到了一個寺院， 一個和尚把他帶了進去。
.They called in a veterinarian, who treated his wounds.
把他交給獸醫治療傷口。
.Eventually, Boonlua wound up at an elephant facility, and the keepers really decided to take him under their wing, and they figured out what he liked,
最後布魯納去了一個大象收容所， 飼養員決定把他留下， 還發現他喜歡
.which, it turned out, was mint Mentos and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.
【薄荷味曼妥思】、獨角仙和蛋。
.But they worried, because he was social, that he was lonely, and they didn't want to put him in with another monkey, because they thought with just one arm,
但他們很擔心，因為他喜社交卻也很孤獨， 他們不想把他跟其他猴子放在一起， 因為他們覺得，
.he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.
一隻手臂的它根本無法自衛，甚至根本不能一起玩耍。
.And so they gave him a rabbit, and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.
然後，他們就給了它只兔子， 布魯納瞬間就變了。
.He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.
它很喜歡跟這隻兔子膩在一起。
.They groomed each other, they become close friends, and then the rabbit had bunnies, and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,
它們幫彼此梳毛，成為了很親密的朋友， 然後這隻兔子生了寶寶， 而布魯納比之前更快樂，
.and it had in a way given him a reason to wake up in the morning, and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up that he decided not to sleep.
這給了他早晨起床的動力， 實際上動力太足他乾脆不睡了。
.He became extremely protective of these bunnies, and he stopped sleeping, and he would sort of nod off while trying to take care of them.
他對兔寶寶有極強的保護欲， 他不睡覺了 結果在照顧兔寶寶時坐著打瞌睡，
.In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate with these babies that the sanctuary eventually had to take them away from him because he was so protective, he was worried
實際上他的保護欲太強， 收容所不得不把它們分開 因為他保護欲過強，
.that their mother might hurt them.
甚至擔心兔媽媽會傷害它們。
.So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff worried that he would fall into a depression, and so to avoid that, they gave him another rabbit friend.
所以當兔寶寶被拿走後， 收容所的員工們擔心它會沮喪， 為了避免這樣， 又給了他另外一直兔子朋友。
.(Laughter) My official opinion is that he does not look depressed.
我的專業意見是它看起來完全不消沉。
.(Laughter) So one thing that I would really like people to feel is that you really should feel empowered to make some assumptions about the creatures that you know well.
（笑~~） 所以 有一件事我很想讓很多人知道， 你們其實被賦予了 準確猜測你所熟悉的動物的能力
.So when it comes to your dog or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey that you happen to know, if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,
所以， 當你自己的狗狗 或貓，又或者你認識的獨臂猴 如果你覺得它們有創傷或消沉的話，
.you're probably right.
你八成是對的。
.This is extremely anthropomorphic, or the assignation of human characteristics onto non-human animals or things.
他們可以被極端擬人化 即是說，其他生物或事物被賦予人類的特點。
.I don't think, though, that that's a problem.
但我不覺得 這是問題，
.I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.
我們別無他法，只能擬人化
.It's not as if you can take your human brain out of your head and put it in a jar and then use it to think about another animal thinking.
因為你不可能把人腦從腦袋裡取出來 再放到一個罐子裡 用來思考其他動物的思維。
.We will always be one animal wondering about the emotional experience of another animal.
我們永遠會是一個動物 好奇另外一個動物的精神體會。
.So then the choice becomes, how do you anthropomorphize well?
所以我們的選擇是，把擬人做得貼切
.Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?
還是做得糟糕？
.And anthropomorphizing poorly is all too common.
而糟糕的擬人實在太常見了。
.(Laughter) It may include dressing your corgis up and throwing them a wedding, or getting too close to exotic wildlife because you believe that you had a spiritual connection.
裝扮你的【威爾斯矮腳狗】，讓它們結婚， 或跟野生動物靠的太近 因為相信自己和它們靈魂相連什麼的
.There's all manner of things.
有各種各樣的東西。
.Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based on accepting our animal similarities with other species and using them to make assumptions
我認為是基於接受我們 跟其他物種的相似之處 然後再用來做一些假設，
.that are informed about other animals' minds and experiences, and there's actually an entire industry that is in some ways based on anthropomorphizing well,
使我們更了解其他動物的思維和經歷， 其實有一整個行業 基於貼切的擬人化，
.and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.
那就是【精神藥物】的行業。
.One in five Americans is currently taking a psychopharmaceutical drug, from the antidepressants and antianxiety medications to the antipsychotics.
有五分之一的美國人正在服用精神藥物， 從抗抑鬱藥和抗焦慮的藥物 到抗精神病藥，
.It turns out that we owe this entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal to other animals.
其實我們欠動物們 一整個精神藥物行業。
.These drugs were tested in non-human animals first, and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.
這些藥先在非人類動物身上測試， 而且並不止測毒性還會觀察對行為的影響。
.The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.
一個非常常用的安定劑--【冬眠靈】 第一個「放鬆」的是老鼠，而不是人類。
.The antianxiety medication Librium was given to cats selected for their meanness in the s and made them into peaceable felines.
【利眠寧】 抗焦慮的藥物 在上世紀年代餵給根據惡劣程度挑選出的貓 然後讓它們變的聽話又溫順。
.And even antidepressants were first tested in rabbits.
還有一些抗抑鬱藥首先在兔子身上測試。
.Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs to other animals as test subjects, but they're giving them these drugs as patients,
今天，被餵藥的動物不是測試對象 而是病人。
.both in ethical and much less ethical ways.
出於道德和不道德的原因
.SeaWorld gives mother orcas antianxiety medications when their calves are taken away.
美國【海洋世界】 在拿走【逆戟鯨】媽媽的寶寶之後 餵給她抗焦慮藥物。
.Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics and antianxiety medications.
很多動物園的大猩猩都會被餵精神病藥 和抗焦慮藥。
.But dogs like my own Oliver are given antidepressants and some antianxiety medications to keep them from jumping out of buildings or jumping into traffic.
而狗狗，像我的【奧利弗】一樣 吃抗抑鬱藥和抗焦慮藥 是為了防止它們從樓房裡跳出去， 或 跳進車來車往的交通。
.Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"
最近，一篇在【科學】雜誌發表的一項研究
.that showed that even crawdads responded to antianxiety medication.
表明，連 喇蛄（一種淡水小龍蝦） 也會對抗焦慮藥有反應。
.It made them braver, less skittish, and more likely to explore their environment.
藥物讓它們更勇敢，不那麼驚慌， 並且更容易讓它們勘察它們的環境。
.It's hard to know how many animals are on these drugs, but I can tell you that the animal pharmaceutical industry is immense and growing,
很難知道有多少動物在服用這些藥物， 但我可以告訴你動物製藥業很強大
.Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.
有些動物會無限期服用這些藥物，
.Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee at the zoo there was on them until he started to save his Paxil prescription and then distribute it among the other bonobos.
還有些，比如【密爾沃基】動物園的黑猩猩 本來一直服用【帕羅西汀（抗抑鬱藥】 直到他把藥藏起來， 並且分給其他黑猩猩
.(Laughter) (Applause) More than psychopharmaceuticals, though, there are many, many, many other therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.
就停用了 除了精神藥物以外， 市面是上還有很多 很多 為動物治療的方案。
.And here is a place where I think actually that veterinary medicine can teach something to human medicine, which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,
而這裡，我認為是人類藥學可以向 獸類藥學學習的地方。 就拿你的狗來說，
.compulsively chasing his tail, into the veterinary behaviorist, their first action isn't to reach for the prescription pad; it's to ask you about your dog's life.
他可能不停地追自己的尾巴， 見了【動物行為學家】， 而他的第一反應不是去拿處方藥方； 而是問問你，你家狗狗的生活。
.They want to know how often your dog gets outside.
他們想知道你的狗室外活動頻率，
.They want to know how much exercise your dog is getting.
有多少體育鍛鍊的時間，
.They want to know how much social time with other dogs and other humans.
有多少和其他狗和人社交的時間。
.They want to talk to you about what sorts of therapies, largely behavior therapies,you've tried with that animal.
他們想了解你為你的狗狗試過多少行為治療方案。 特別是跟藥物相結合。
.Those are the things that often tend to help the most, especially when combined with psychopharmaceuticals.
這些就是最能幫助狗狗的方式， 特別是跟藥物相結合。
.The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most, particularly with social animals, is time with other social animals.
而我相信最能幫助阿薩颯颯Z你 社交性動物的是 花時間在其他社交性動物上。
.In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal to my own dog, and I have seen parrots do it for people and people do it for parrots
很多時候，我都覺得我成了為自家狗狗服務的動物 見過鸚鵡為人類服務， 也見過人類為鸚鵡服務，
.and dogs do it for elephants and elephants do it for other elephants.
狗狗為大象服務 然後大象再為其他大象服務。
.I don't know about you; I get a lot of Internet forwards of unlikely animal friendships.
我不知道你， 但我在網上受邀轉發 很多動物之間不可思議的友誼
.I also think it's a huge part of Facebook, the monkey that adopts the cat or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn, or the cow that makes friends with the pig,
我還認為這組成了【臉書（FB）】的很大一部分， 猴子收養了貓 或是【大丹犬】收養了失去雙親的鹿寶寶， 又或是奶牛跟豬成了朋友，
.and had you asked me eight, nine years ago, about these, I would have told you that they were hopelessly sentimental and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way
如果你八、九年前問我 這些故事的話， 我會告訴你這些太感情用事了， 或是用錯誤的方式過於擬人化
.and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now is that there is actually something to this.
甚至是表演出來的 但現在我能告訴你，動物之間是真情實感。
.This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies have pointed to oxytocin levels, which are a kind of bonding hormone that we release when we're having sex or nursing
這是真的。事實上，有些有趣的研究表明， 【催產素】，一個社交產生的荷爾蒙 會在我們性交，養育寶寶，
.or around someone that we care for extremely, oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs who care about each other or who enjoy each other's company,
或是在極其喜愛的人身邊會產生， 【催產素】水平會在 彼此關心和願意陪伴的人和狗身體裡上升，
.and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin raised even in other pairs of animals, so, say, in goats and dogs who were friends and played with each other,
不止這些，其他研究還表明【催產素】 在其他組合動物身體裡也會上升。 所以，山羊和狗狗成為朋友，一起玩耍後，
.their levels spiked afterwards.
它們的【催產素】水平會達到一次高峰
.I have a friend who really showed me that mental health is in fact a two-way street.
我有個朋友向我展示了 精神疾病其實是雙向的。
.His name is Lonnie Hodge, and he's a veteran of Vietnam.
他的名字叫【朗尼·何舉】，他是越南戰爭回來的老兵。
.When he returned, he started working with survivors of genocide and a lot of people who had gone through war trauma.
他回來後， 開始跟【種族屠殺】倖存者 和其他有戰爭創傷的人一起工作
.And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights, because in Vietnam, he had been rappelling backwards out of helicopters over the skids,
他有【戰後創傷症候群】並且他還恐高， 因為在越南， 他經常從直升機上反向繞繩下降，
.and he was givena service dog named Gander, a labradoodle, to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.
然後他就有了只服務犬叫【甘德】，一隻【拉布拉多貴賓犬】 幫助他克服創傷後遺症和恐高。
.This is them actually on the first day that they met, which is amazing, and since then, they've spent a lot of time together visiting with other veterans suffering from similar issues.
這是它們第一次碰面， 非常愉快， 他們會花很多時間 拜訪其他有相同問題的老兵。
.But what's so interesting to me about Lonnie and Gander's relationship is about a few months in, Gander actually developed a fear of heights,
但引起我興趣的是【朗尼】和【甘德】的關係 在認識幾個月後， 【甘德】開始恐高，
.probably because he was watching Lonnie so closely.
可能是因為他近距離觀察了朗尼
.What's pretty great about this, though, is that he's still a fantastic service dog, because now, when they're both at a great height,
這很了不起，它還是只很贊的服務犬， 因為現在，如果他們同時站在高處
.Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.
【朗尼】因為過於擔心【甘德】的安全 甚至忘記了自己恐高。
.Since I've spent so much time with these stories, digging into archives, I literally spent years doing this research, and it's changed me.
自從我花這麼多時間在這些故事上， 鑽研歸檔， 我花了很多年來做這份研究， 這真的 改變了我。
.I no longer look at animals at the species level.
我再也不會從物種層面來看動物，
.I look at them as individuals, and I think about them as creatures with their own individual weather systems guiding their behavior and informing
我把它們看成獨立的個體， 然後待它們為有獨立內在系統的生物 引領著它們的行為，
.how they respond to the world.
告知它們如何回應這世界。
.And I really believe that this has made me a more curious and a more empathetic person, both to the animals that share my bed and occasionally wind up on my plate,
我相信這讓我 變成了一個更好奇、更賦有同情心的人， 不管是跟我睡一張床 偶爾還跟我搶飯的動物
.but also to the people that I know who are suffering from anxiety and from phobias and all manner of other things, and I really do believe that
還是我認識的 有焦躁症、恐懼症、或者其他病症的人們， 我真的相信
.even though you can't know exactly what's going on in the mind of a pig or your pug or your partner, that that shouldn't stop you from empathizing with them.
就算你不可能明確了解 一隻豬、哈巴狗或是你伴侶的 這也不應該阻止你理解他們
.The best thing that we could do for our loved ones is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.
我們給所愛對象最好的禮物 也許就是【擬人化】他們。
.Charles Darwin's father once told him that everybody could lose their mind at some point.
【查爾斯·達爾文】的父親曾告訴他 所有人都可能在某一刻失去理智，
.Thankfully, we can often find them again, but only with each other's help.
值得感激的是，我們常常能找回理智， 但需要彼此的幫助。
.Thank you.
謝謝。
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