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安徽理工大學地球與環境學院武慧君教授團隊使用一個基於部分生命周期的溫室氣體足跡方法，評估了我國1998—2016年間七種化肥、九種作物溫室氣體排放總量、單位面積排放量和單位產量排放量。相關成果發表於Resources, Conservation and Recycling（IF=8.086）。
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Highlights
GHG footprint is used to evaluate GHG emissions of chemical fertilizer production and use in China.
Fertilizer use should be stressed as it emitted more GHG emissions than production.
Grains, vegetable, and fruit contributed larger GHG emissions than oil crops.
Urea, NPK compound fertilizer and diammonium phosphate had the three largest GHGs.
Varying fertilizer types/uses & cultivated areas among stressed crops are explored.
Abstract
Different crops and fertilizer combinations result in different greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To investigate GHG emissions among crops with different chemical fertilizer production and use processes, we use a partial life-cycle based greenhouse gas footprint approach to evaluate total GHG emissions, emissions per unit area, and emissions per unit yield of nine crops receiving applications of seven chemical fertilizers for the period 1998 to 2016 in China. Our results show that the life-cycle GHG emissions in China increased by 35% over this 18-year period. Chemical fertilizer use has a greater influence than chemical fertilizer production, as it emitted over half of total GHG emissions. Due to different fertilizer types/uses and cultivated areas, GHG emissions varied among crops. The three main grain crops including rice, wheat, and maize contributed half of the total GHG emissions, mainly due to their larger cultivated areas than other crops. Crops with smaller cultivated areas but larger fertilizer application rates also contributed nonnegligible GHG emissions. For example, vegetable production increased nearly two-fold and accounted for about 20% of total GHG emissions, due to high applications of urea, NPK compound fertilizer, and diammonium phosphate. Fruit crops contributed both much higher GHG emissions and GHG emissions per cultivated area than most other crops, resulting from high application intensities of urea and NPK compound fertilizer. Among the chemical fertilizers, urea generated the greatest GHG emissions (~60% of the total GHG emissions) due not only to its relatively high application across the crops, but also its relatively high GHG emission intensities for both production and application. Finally, we explore potential to mitigate the life-cycle GHG emissions of chemical fertilizers nationally, through varying fertilizer application rates, fertilizer types, and cultivated areas. For example, our scenarios modify the cultivated areas of the three main grain crops, reduce urea and NPK compound fertilizer for fruits and vegetables, and substitute some urea and diammonium phosphate with superphosphate and potassium chloride. Our study highlights the importance of different chemical fertilizer and crop combinations. It can help to mitigate the GHG emissions comprehensively and objectively.
不同的作物和肥料組合導致不同的溫室氣體（GHG）排放。為調查作物生產中不同化肥生產和使用過程中的溫室氣體排放，本研究使用一個基於部分生命周期的溫室氣體足跡方法，評估了我國1998—2016年間七種化肥、九種作物溫室氣體排放總量、單位面積排放量和單位產量排放量。結果表明：18年間，我國全生命周期溫室氣體排放增加了35%。化肥使用比化肥生產的影響更大，其排放的溫室氣體佔總排放量的一半以上。由於肥料類型/使用和種植區域不同，不同作物的溫室氣體排放有所不同。水稻、小麥和玉米三種主要糧食作物的溫室氣體排放佔全球溫室氣體排放總量的一半，主要原因是它們的種植面積比其他作物大。耕地面積小但化肥施用量大的作物也產生了不可忽視的溫室氣體排放。例如，由於大量施用尿素、氮磷鉀複合肥和磷酸二銨，蔬菜產量增加了近兩倍，並貢獻了20%左右的溫室氣體排放總量。水果類作物對溫室氣體排放量和單位面積溫室氣體排放量的貢獻均明顯高於其他作物，其主要原因是高強度的尿素和氮磷鉀複合肥的施用。在所有化肥中，尿素溫室氣體排放量最大，約佔溫室氣體排放總量的60%，這不僅是因為尿素在不同作物種植中的施用量均較高，而且在生產和施用上都有較高的溫室氣體排放強度。最後，通過不同的施肥量、不同的肥料種類和不同的耕地面積，探討了各國減少化肥全生命周期溫室氣體排放的潛力。例如，當調整三種主要糧食作物的種植面積，減少水果和蔬菜的尿素和氮磷鉀複合肥，用過磷酸鈣和氯化鉀替代部分尿素和磷酸二銨時的溫室氣體排放狀況。研究強調了不同化肥和作物組合的重要性，有利於全面、客觀地減少溫室氣體排放。
責任編輯：宋瀟
校對和審核：張陽 王農