來自麻省理工David H. Koch癌症綜合研究所,哈佛大學醫學院麻省總醫院放射腫瘤科,杜克大學放射致癌基因,製藥與癌症生物學中心的科學家在最新一期的Science雜誌上發表研究進展文章,發現了p53調控的GI綜合症的生物機制。
放射損傷是由放射線照射引起的機體組織損害。一般來說,放射線是由天然或人工能源產生的高能電磁波或高能粒子。大劑量射線瞬間照射或低劑量射線長時間照射都可能引起組織損傷。某些射線的有害影響僅持續很短時間,而有的可引起慢性疾病。受大劑量射線照射後幾分鐘或幾天內就出現明顯早期損害,而遠期的影響在幾周、幾個月甚至幾年內都不明顯。
急性放射性損傷常常容易對胃腸道產生致命性的損害,這种放射線引起的胃腸道疾病被稱為GI syndrome(放射性胃腸綜合症),胃腸綜合症是在受到比30Gy小但仍然較高的(4Gy以上)輻射引起的。症狀有嚴重噁心、嘔吐和腹瀉,導致嚴重失水。最初,症狀是由胃腸道黏膜細胞壞死引起的。由於腸壁進行性損傷和細菌感染,症狀反覆出現。最後,吸收營養的細胞完全破壞,損傷部位大量滲血。通常在輻射後4~6天新細胞再生。但即使這樣,病人也很可能在2~3周後,因骨髓衰竭死亡。
關於GI綜合症的發病機制一直存在爭議,有科學家認為,GI綜合症是因胃腸道上皮細胞受損所引起,而有的科學家認為,GI綜合症是由胃腸道內皮細胞受損所引起,此外,在受損細胞的死亡機制上也存在爭議,有的科學家認為受損細胞通過細胞凋亡程序而死亡,有的科學家則認為受損細胞通過其他的死亡程序而死。
現在,來自MIT的Tyler Jacks研究團隊用小鼠模型找出了答案,他們發現選擇性地沉默小鼠胃腸道上皮細胞或內皮細胞中的前凋亡基因Bax和Bak1基因病不能保護小鼠在部分身體gamma射線照射後免於法陣為放射性胃腸綜合症。然而與之相反,選擇性地沉默小鼠胃腸道上皮細胞(而不是內皮細胞)中的p53基因,將導致小鼠對射線照射更為敏感,更易發展為GI綜合症。而在轉基因小鼠中高度表達p53基因將有助小鼠抵抗射線的輻射,避免發生GI綜合症。
這些研究成果闡明了GI綜合症的發病機制,GI綜合症因胃腸道上皮細胞受損而發病,這些受損細胞的死亡受p53的調控,但是卻不是通過p53誘導的細胞凋亡路徑而死亡的。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Science December 17, 2009 DOI: 10.1126/science.1166202
p53 Controls Radiation-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome in Mice Independent of Apoptosis
David G. Kirsch,1,2,3, Philip M. Santiago,1 Emmanuelle di Tomasso,2 Julie M. Sullivan,3 Wu-Shiun Hou,1,Talya Dayton,1 Laura B. Jeffords,3 Pooja Sodha,1 Kim Mercer,1 Rhianna Cohen,1 Osamu Takeuchi,4 Stanley J. Korsmeyer,4,* Roderick Bronson,5 Carla F. Kim,1 Kevin M. Haigis,1,? Rakesh K. Jain,2 Tyler Jacks1,6,
Acute exposure to ionizing radiation can cause lethal damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a condition called the GI syndrome. Whether the target cells mediating the GI syndrome are derived from the epithelium or endothelium, and whether the target cells die by apoptosis or other mechanisms, are controversial issues. Studying mouse models, we found that selective deletion of the proapoptotic genes Bak1 and Bax from the GI epithelium or from endothelial cells did not protect mice from developing the GI syndrome after subtotal body gamma irradiation. In contrast, selective deletion of p53 from the GI epithelium, but not endothelial cells, sensitized irradiated mice to the GI syndrome. Transgenic mice overexpressing p53 in all tissues were protected from the GI syndrome after irradiation. These results suggest that the GI syndrome is caused by death of GI epithelial cells and that these epithelial cells die by a mechanism that is regulated by p53 but independent of apoptosis.
1 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
3 Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
4 Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
5 Tufts University School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 05136, USA.
6 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.