2015年7月17日/生物谷BIOON/--近期的研究表明,隱孢子蟲(Cryptosporidium)是在全球範圍內引起嬰幼兒嚴重腹瀉的第二大病原體。腹瀉據估計是佔到嬰幼兒總死亡案例的10.5%。引起嚴重的腹瀉的首要病原體是輪狀病毒,其次是隱孢子蟲。這種隱孢子蟲還是愛滋病患者,以及器官移植患者體內的機會病原體。這種致病毒對於營養不良的兒童和免疫缺陷患者是巨大的威脅,然而至今還沒有針對隱孢子蟲的疫苗,唯一的一種藥物效果也很差。針對隱孢子蟲的連續培養系統、動物模型以及分子遺傳學工具都很缺乏。
美國喬治亞大學的一個課題組近期在《Nature》發表了一篇文章介紹了一種實驗體系,可以通過基因改造這種重要病原體,使得今後針對隱孢子蟲的研究更容易進行。他們建立並優化了小球隱孢子蟲(Cryptosporidium parvum)轉染組織培養的細胞方法。為了獲得穩定的轉基因隱孢子蟲,他們建立了小鼠模型能夠被這種隱孢子蟲穩定感染。
這種隱孢子蟲的基因組可以被Cas9系統編輯,他們引入一些報告基因(螢光素基因),使得其對於氨基糖苷類抗生素有耐藥性。通過手術注射的方法,研究人員試圖將這種基因改造過的隱孢子蟲注入小鼠的小腸。這種小鼠是一種基因敲除的小鼠,對隱孢子蟲敏感。感染基因改造的隱孢子蟲三十天後,這些小鼠腸道和糞便中能檢測到隱孢子蟲的卵囊。基因編輯後的隱孢子蟲也能夠感染組織培養的細胞。
增加了螢光素標記基因的隱孢子蟲系統,能夠讓科學家定量研究很多分子遺傳學特性,這些對於以後的藥物研究以及疫苗開發都提供了分子基礎。由於這種寄生蟲對於藥物不敏感,耐藥性很強。利用這種基因改造後的隱孢子蟲系統用於體內或體外的藥物篩選。通過基因改造使得隱孢子蟲弱化,或許能夠成為一種有希望的疫苗。他們還測試基因敲除之後的隱孢子蟲對藥物的敏感性。他們希望通過轉基因改造這種寄生蟲為未來的研究提供基礎,並為針對隱孢子蟲的藥物研發打開了大門。(生物谷Bioon.com)
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doi:10.1038/nature14651
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Genetic modification of the diarrhoeal pathogenCryptosporidium parvum
Recent studies into the global causes of severe diarrhoea in young children have identified the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium as the second most important diarrhoeal pathogen after rotavirus1, 2, 3. Diarrhoeal disease is estimated to be responsible for 10.5% of overall child mortality4. Cryptosporidium is also an opportunistic pathogen in the contexts of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-caused AIDS and organ transplantation5,6. There is no vaccine and only a single approved drug that provides no benefit for those in gravest danger: malnourished children and immunocompromised patients7, 8. Cryptosporidiosis drug and vaccine development is limited by the poor tractability of the parasite, which includes a lack of systems for continuous culture, facile animal models, and molecular genetic tools3, 9. Here we describe an experimental framework to genetically modify this important human pathogen. We established and optimized transfection of C. parvum sporozoites in tissue culture. To isolate stable transgenics we developed a mouse model that delivers sporozoites directly into the intestine, a Cryptosporidium clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 system, and in vivoselection for aminoglycoside resistance. We derived reporter parasites suitable for in vitroand in vivo drug screening, and we evaluated the basis of drug susceptibility by gene knockout. We anticipate that the ability to genetically engineer this parasite will be transformative for Cryptosporidium research. Genetic reporters will provide quantitative correlates for disease, cure and protection, and the role of parasite genes in these processes is now open to rigorous investigation.