傅瑩 第十二屆全國人大常委會委員、全國人大外事委員會主任委員
構建共同體，分享而不是分裂
傅瑩
——第三屆地中海對話論壇演講
2017年11月30日羅馬
感謝義大利外交部和國際政治研究所組織這個重要的對話論壇。
2017年是中國與義大利交往特別多的一年。馬塔雷拉總統年初對中國進行國事訪問，5月真蒂洛尼總理出席「一帶一路」國際合作高峰論壇，兩國籤署了2017-2020年行動計劃，加強經貿、文化、科技合作。
能夠出席地中海對話論壇是我的榮幸，確實，沒有比在地中海更適合討論這些影響世界的重大問題了，這裡是世界三大古代文明誕生的地方，而今日的地中海地區又面臨新型挑戰。
我願與大家談談對全球化背景下中國的政策和主張的看法。
首先，在中國，很多人看到，在冷戰後的四分之一世紀中，帶動經濟增長的最重要動力源自經濟全球化。世界經濟進入快車道，全球經濟在過去的25年增長了3倍多，可謂前所未有，更多的人擺脫貧困。沒有經濟全球化提供的機遇，世界財富如此快速的擴大是很難實現的。發達國家作為全球化的主要推手，從中獲取了巨大利益。許多發展中國家也抓住了機遇，中國的成就最為突出。在中國共產黨的正確領導下，中國經過艱苦的改革和開放，通過人民的勤奮努力，成長為世界第二大經濟體，人民生活水平得到顯著提高。
但全球化也因其弊端受到詬病。2008年金融危機導致全球財富縮水，貿易下降，反對全球化的聲音越來越多。但是不可能走回頭路了。在我們看來，問題不是全球化本身，而是一些做法和管理出現問題。全球治理沒有跟上，舊的秩序和體系無法充分應對更加複雜和多元的全球性挑戰。
這些年，各國對完善全球治理的共識不斷增強，並且開始行動起來，比如創建20國集團，改革國際貨幣基金組織，制訂2030可持續發展議程，締結巴黎氣候變化協定等。但這些還不夠。我們需要實現更加平衡的增長和分配，創新思維改革和完善現行國際秩序和機制。
今年10月，中共勝利召開了十九大，明確新時代中國社會主要矛盾是「人民日益增長的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的發展之間的矛盾」。這個判斷意味著，中國進入了一個新的時代，未來國內建設的任務和黨和國家的聚焦點不再只是經濟增長，而且要解決發展的不平衡和不充分的問題，要努力滿足人民日益增長的美好生活需要。正如習近平主席提出的，要實現創新、協調、綠色、開放、共享的發展。中國不能在真空中追求發展目標。我們需要總體和平的外部環境，需要能與世界各國更加廣泛地合作。為此，黨的十九大主張建設新型國際關係，構建人類命運共同體。
在全球治理上，中國希望實現共商共建共享共贏。例如，中國提出「一帶一路」倡議，核心詞是互聯互通。中國南部發達的臨海省份通過海路與全球市場相連，正帶來下一波增長的西部地區可以通過陸路通達歐洲。「一帶一路」倡議可以發揮中國獨特的優勢，利用積累起來的豐富經驗、技術和資金，為便利亞歐大陸乃至全球的經濟和貿易往來做出貢獻，帶動新的增長。「一帶一路」已開始顯現效果。義大利也是最早參與的國家之一，與中國籤署了議定書。雙方都鼓勵企業界抓住時機。
對全球化在其他領域帶來的結果，人們看法不盡相同。現在大部分人都認識到，20多年來，以西方價值觀和制度模式改造世界的做法效果不佳，舊的問題沒有解決，更多新的問題被製造出來。至今遺留的許多負面效應在影響著一些國家，人民流離失所，帶來的教訓是深刻的。中國古人云：橘生淮南則為橘，生於淮北則為枳，葉徒相似，其實味不同。所以然者何？水土異也。古人的智慧提醒我們，尊重差異、勿強加於人是多麼重要。
在國際安全治理方面，合作滯後的一個原因是存在結構性障礙。美國作為軍事上最強大的國家，冷戰後並未建立一個包容性的安全框架，而是將世界安全依託於軍事同盟體系。然而，該體系秉持排他性安全原則，有時甚至不惜以非成員國的不安全為代價。例如，美國在東海和南海的領土爭議問題上強調盟友的利益，不願承認中國這樣的非盟友的安全利益。
朝鮮半島是一個更為不幸的案例。韓戰之後美軍沒有撤出半島，形成長期軍事對峙。美朝極不互信，任何雙邊或者多邊外交談判達成的協議都得不到全面執行。美國強調自身和同盟的安全，連年向朝鮮軍事施壓，主張加大制裁。而朝鮮為了終極自保，不惜威脅地區安全，不斷試核射導，形成相互刺激、螺旋下降的惡性循環。世界正目睹半島日趨嚴重的形勢。
只有所有國家都不受到威脅和感到安全時，整個世界才能安全。中國提出的共同體安全理念可以概括為以下幾點：1，共同安全，就是要實現普遍安全，不能有的國家安全而其他國家不安全。2,綜合安全，就是要統籌維護傳統領域和非傳統領域的安全。3,合作安全，就是要通過對話合作，促進各國和地區乃至世界的安全。4,可持續安全，就是要安全和發展並重，對許多發展中國家來說，發展是實現安全的重要途徑。
中國必須不斷增強自己的國防力量，保護好公民安全和國家利益並恰當地應對相關安全挑戰。在國際安全事務上，中國主要是在聯合國框架內發揮作用。例如，中國是聯合國安理會的五個常任理事國中，對維和貢獻最多的國家。再比如，中國海軍護航編隊2008年以來積極參加在亞丁灣打擊海盜的行動。
世界在不斷變化，國際合作和國際體系必須與時俱進。如果大國固守集團和排他性觀念，不能擺脫地緣爭奪的慣性，就將難以形成應對新型挑戰的合力。中國主張建立人類命運共同體, 應該搭建一個共同的屋頂，最大限度容納各方的利益訴求和治理觀念，分享而不是分裂。■
Building Community, to Share, not to Divide
Fu Ying
Speech at the Third Mediterranean Dialogue
Rome, November 30, 2017
I want to thank the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and ISPI for organizing this important dialogue.
The year 2017 witnessed very intensive high level exhanges between China and Italy. President Mattarella paid a state visit to China early in the year and Prime Minister Gentiloni came to attend the Belt and Road Forum in May. Our two countries signed the action program for 2017-2020, on cooperation in trade, science and culture.
It’s an honor for me to be here. Indeed, there can’t be a better place than the Mediterranean Dialogue to discuss world issues as Mediterranean is the birthplace of three ancient civilizations and is full of vigor in the modern time. And yet is also confronted with difficult challenges over recent years.
Today I want to share with you how I see China’s policy and stance in the context of globalization.
First, in China, it’s widely believed that the most important driving force for economic growth in the first quarter of century after the Cold War has been economic globalization. The world economy has expanded more than 3 times, lifting many people out of poverty. Such an unprecedented wealth increase would not have been possible without economic globalization.The developed countries which were the first mover of globalization, have gained huge benefit from it. Many developing countries have also seized the opportunity, and China is a successful example. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), through painstaking reform and opening-up and with the Chinese people’s dedicated efforts, China has grown into the second largest economy and people’s living standard has significantly risen.
However, globalization is also criticized for its flaws and since the 2008 financial crisis, global wealth and trade has been shrinking and voices against globalization have grown louder. But we don’t think turning-back is an option. In our view, the problem does not lie with globalization itself but the way it’s pursued in some aspects and its inadequate management. Global governance has not kept pace and the current international order and institutions are not coping with the new and diverse global challenges effectively.
The good news is that there are growing awareness and more and more concerted efforts to address these challenges, i.e. the establishmentof the G20, the reform of IMF, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and the Paris Agreement on climate change. But this is not enough. More needs to be done. We should achieve more balanced growth and distribution and make innovative reforms of the global governance as well as the international order and institutions.
In China, the 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in October. It acknowledged that the Chinese society has moved forward and what we now face is the contradiction between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people』 sever-growing needs for a better life. China has entered a new era and our task is no longer just to grow the economy. The domestic policy focus of the Party and the country now is to achieve better balance in development as well as fairer distribution, so as to meet people's growing needs for a better life. As President Xi Jinping put it, we should pursue innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development.
China can’t pursue its goals in a vacuum. We need to maintain a peaceful external environment and to engage widely with the world for cooperation. The Party Congress calls for promoting a new form of international relations and building a community with a shared future for mankind.
For improving global governance, China proposes to reform the system through communication and cooperation to achieve shared results.
One example is the Belt and Road Initiative, the essence of which is connectivity. China’s southern provinces face the ocean and are connected through the maritime route to the world market. Its deep west where the next wave of growth comes from can be connected to Europe through our Western and Northern neighbors. The Belt and Road Initiative will bring into play China’s unique advantages and make good use of its experience, technologies as well as capital to create more economic and trade opportunities to Eurasia and the world, stimulating new growth. It’s already achieving some results. Italy is one of the early participants and signed a protocol with China. Both sides are encouraging businesses to seize the opportunities.
Globalization in other fields is perceived with mixed feeling. But after 20 years, I guess most of us now agree that the attempt to transform the world with Western values and political system is far from achieving all of its purposes, and new problems are added to old woes. The negative result is still haunting some countries, leaving many people and families displaced. The lessons are profound.
As an ancient Chinese saying goes, 「sweet oranges grown in the south would taste sour once transplanted to the north. The orange trees may still look the same, yet the soil and climate conditions have changed.」 This wise teaching that has come down in history reminds us of the importance to respect differences not to impose on others.
In world security, international cooperation is lacking partly due to the structural obstacles. The US, the strongest military power inthe world, has failed to build an all-inclusive security framework after the Cold War. It prefers to take its military alignment as the pillar of the world security.
However, as we all know, the alignment is based on an exclusive security approach, and sometimes even leads to the insecurity of non-allies. For example, the US has prioritized the interests of its allies in the territorial disputes in the East and South China Sea, while not willing to recognizethe interests of China, which is not an ally.
The Korean Peninsula is an even more unfortunate example. After the Korean War, the US has maintained its military presence and the Peninsula has been trapped in confrontation for over half a century. Due to the deep mistrust between the US and North Korea, no peace agreement, be itbilateral or multilateral, could be fully implemented. The US, emphasizing the security of its own and its allies, has exerted mounting military pressure and called for continued sanctions; while North Korea, hoping to achieve ultimate security, and in disregard of regional security, has speeded up nuclear and missile tests, resulting in a vicious circle of action and reaction. The world is now witnessing a growingly dangerous situation.
So, the world can be safe only when all countries are free from threat and feel safe. China’s thinking on a community of security can be summed up into the following:1, Common security, meaning to respect and ensure the security of each and every country, rather than some countries being safer than others. 2, Comprehensive security, meaning tackling both traditional and nontraditional security threats. 3, Cooperative security, meaning promoting common security through communication and cooperation.4, Sustainable security, meaning also paying attention to development which, for many developing countries, is the vital path to stability and security.
For China, it’s important to strengthen its defense forces to protect the country and the people, and handle security challenges that confront China. For international security, China mainly plays a role within the UN framework. For example, China is the biggest contributor to peacekeeping among the 5 permanent members of the Security Council. The Chinese navy has actively participated in anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden.
So, to conclude, we live in a changing world and the international cooperation and institutions need to keep up with the times. If countries maintain a closed bloc or an exclusive approach to security or stick to geopolitical competition, it would be hard to form synergy in countering rising new challenges. China hopes to see the world moving towards a community with a shared future. The world should have a common roof for all, and to share not to divide.■
The author is chairperson of the Foreign Affairs Committee of China’s National People’s Congress