在英語中,介詞和介詞短語的應用是極其廣泛的。首先,不及物動詞不能直接取得賓語,它只有藉助於介詞構成動詞短語方可取得賓語,這樣就形成了不及物動詞與介詞的固定動詞短語。其次,介詞本身不能單獨作句子成分,它必須和名詞連用,構成介詞短語之後,方可承擔句子成分,這樣就構成了介詞與名詞的固定搭配關係。基於以上原因,學習和掌握介詞相對較難,一個比較好的方法就是在學習時不要去四級單詞,要記詞組,將介詞與名詞和動詞的固定搭配一起記,記得多了,用得多了,就會孰能生巧。
英語介詞很多,本文只介紹科技英語中常用的且易混淆的介詞和介詞短語的用法。
在科技英語中,常用的主要介詞如 about、above、by、for、from、in、on、to、with 等和複合介詞如 apart from、away from、because of、instead of、out of、regardless of、due to、owing to 等。介詞短語主要有以下幾種組合形式:名詞+介詞,如:access to、appeal to、delight in,形容詞+介詞,如 aware of、good at、interested in、similar to,介詞+名詞(+介詞),如 out of turn、on demand、in proportion to 等為了對比學習,本節主要介紹幾組介詞及其用法以及應用中的相關注意事項。
(1)at、on、in 表示時間意義的用法區別。at 表示時間的一個點,on 表示具斯的某一天,in 表示在某年、某月。如 at eight o'clock,on October 1,1949,on Sundays,in1949,in last June
(2)at、on、in 表示位置意義的用法區別。at 表示在某一點,on 表示在線和面上,in 表示某一範圍大些的地點。
例1:
The substitution takes place at the position of α-carbon atom.
A thin film was formed on the surface of the plate.
The DEAE-Sephacel was eluted with 10 column volumes of a 0—200
mmol/L NaCl gradient in the Tris buffer.
另外表示速度用 at。
例2:The car ran at a speed of 120 miles per hour.
(3)among 和 between 用法上的區別。兩者都是表示「之間」、「中間」的意,但用法上有區別,前者用於三者以上,後者用於「兩者之間」。
例3:
Among all the metals,iron is the most widely used in the daily life.
What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
當 between 用於「三者以上」,則表示其中每兩者之間的相互關係。
例:4:Early man did not know how to explain the differece between
gases , solids and liquids.
(4)當 by、with、through 表示「工具」和「手段」時三者才可以互換。
例5:
He crossed the stream by a little bridge.
They measured the temperature with a new-type instrument.
I learnt of the position through a newspaper advertisement.
(5)by、during、till 和 until 表示時間上的用法區別。By 表示時間點,不與延續性動詞連用,during 表示一段持續時間,till 和 until 在肯定句只與延續性動詞連用。
例6:
You must be back by four o'clock
The sun gives us light during the day.
They work from 6 o'clock in the morning till(until)2 o'clock in the afternoon.
(6)for、from、through、with、out of、because of、on account of 等介詞表示原因,動機或理由。其中 for 和 out of 主要表達動機。
例6:
The insulant was burned for overheating.
He has done it from a sense of duty.
We lost ourselves through not knowing the way.
With such knowledge and experience,he is sure to succeed.
The method is quoted out of the literature.
The compound was prepared out of necessity.
Alloys are important because of their usefulness in industry.
The solution became cloudiness on account of the precipitate formed.
(7)owing to 和 due to 的用法區別。兩者都是介詞,但 owing to 是副詞性複合介詞,可作狀語,而 due to 是形容詞性複合介詞,只能作表語。
例7:
Owing to his careless driving,we had a bad accident.
The accident was due to careless driving.
(8)except、except for、but、apart from 等都表示「除……之外」的含義,但在用法上有細節上的差異。其中 except for 後面的所指可與前面所云可非同類,且有美中不足之義,but 不能用於句首,只能用在 no、any、every 等構成的合成詞以及 all、none 等詞之後,apart from 類似於 besides 和 except for。
例8:
All atoms except those of hydrogen,contain one or more neutrons in the nuclei.
This machine is of a new type except for a few shortcomings here and there.
They chose none but the best.
None but strong acids are suitable for the reaction.
實際上在英語科技論文的撰寫過程中,介詞的使用既是重點又是難點,因為很多介詞都有其基本用法,又有其許多例外情況,這裡介紹的也只是常用介詞中有限的幾個。真正要掌握好介詞的用法除了要熟悉它們的基本用法外,更要牢記它們的固定搭配,只有這樣方能自如地、準確地使用介詞。