在去火星的旅途上可以讓太空人進入冬眠狀態
翻譯:塗博士
歐洲航天局的科學家透露,將來在去火星的旅途上可以讓太空人進入冬眠狀態,為此他們建議要進一步研究冬眠狀態對大腦的影響。
An astronaut about to fly to the International Space Station - Roscosmos Press Office /TASS
領導這項研究的弗拉迪斯拉夫·維亞佐夫斯基(Vladyslav Vyazovskiy)教授說,長時間呆在密閉的太空飛行器中可能會損害太空人們的身心健康。
他說,如果將太空人的身心置於一種「停滯狀態」,那麼可能可以減輕這些「巨大的影響」,但還需要作進一步的研究以確定冬眠狀態對人的大腦會產生哪些可能的影響。
牛津大學神經科學副教授維亞佐夫斯基(Vyazovskiy)教授說:「冬眠是一種令人著迷的生物學現象。當動物冬眠時,它看起來就像在睡覺,所以人們有時會把冬眠與睡眠混淆起來,但冬眠和睡眠是根本不同的狀態。」
「例如,想像一下你飛往火星的長途旅程,你這一路上需要攜帶多少燃料,水,空氣。如果你在整個旅途上都是處於清醒狀態的話,在這個高度封閉的環境裡面生活這麼長的時間,對於你的心理健康肯定會有巨大的不利影響。所以說在去火星的旅途中如果將太空人置於一種停滯狀態(冬眠)確實是有很多好處的。」
「因為冬眠是一種生理狀態,動物在冬眠期間體內的生化過程變得非常緩慢,所以許多關於冬眠的研究都集中在冬眠期間身體的狀態上面,但是很少有人研究冬眠下大腦的狀況。冬眠中的大腦可能會經歷類似於麻醉或類似睡眠或昏迷的狀態,但是我們需要更多的研究來了解這種狀態的真正的含義。」
冬眠是動物的長時間不運動,這段時間通常可以持續數月之久。在冬眠期間,動物的諸如新陳代謝和呼吸頻率之類的生理功能會顯著慢下來,體溫也會降下來。
與冬眠不同,睡眠是持續數小時而不是數月的溫和的休息狀態,在此期間身體的生理功能不會發生很大變化。
維亞佐夫斯基(Vyazovskiy)教授說:「冬眠是自然界的一種普遍現象,許多動物都有冬眠。」
「我們知道一些靈長類動物能夠冬眠。因此,我想不到人類有什麼特別之處所以無法冬眠。我們只需要找到這個可以讓人冬眠的秘密。」
「我們可以通過使用藥物來人為地使人進入冬眠狀態,但是我認為這不是最有前途的方法。我們應該向其它動物物種學習,看它們是如何自發地觸發冬眠這個過程。動物們知道這個竅門,但是出於我們目前還不知道的原因,我們人類現在失去了自發冬眠的能力。」
在開始閱讀英文原文之前,請先複習下列核心詞彙:
astronaut - n. 太空人
hibernation - n. 冬眠
Mars - n. 火星
reveal - v. 揭示,透露
coop - v. 拘禁,關進
cooped up - adj. 被禁錮的,被困住的
confine - v. 限制,限定
spacecraft - n. 太空飛行器
physical - adj. 身體的,肉體的
mental - adj. 思想的,精神的
implication - n. 可能的影響,含意
mitigate - v. 減輕,緩和
fascinating - adj. 極有吸引力的,迷人的
biological - adj. 生物的,生物學的
phenomenon - n. 現象
state - n. 狀態
stasis - n. 停滯,靜止
state of stasis - 停滯狀態
anesthesia - n. 麻醉
comatose - adj. 不省人事的,昏迷的
extend - v. 擴大,延長,延期
extended - adj. 延長了的,擴展了的
inactivity - n. 不活動
last - v. 持續,長久
physiological - adj. 生理學上的
metabolic - adj. 新陳代謝的,代謝的
respiratory - adj. 呼吸的
widespread - adj. 普遍的,廣泛的
promisting - adj. 有希望的,有前途的
approach - n. 方式,方法
spontaneously - adv. 自發,自然,自動地
reason - n. 原因
在複習了以上詞彙後,請將下面的英文原文一口氣讀完,不要在中途停下來去查那些不認識的單詞。有了上面的核心單詞打底,你完全可以將整篇文章讀完並且理解裡面的大致意思。記住,你只要做到大致明白就可以了。
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Astronauts could be put into hibernation to travel to Mars
Phoebe Southworth
The Telegraph
Astronauts could be put into hibernation to travel to Mars, European Space Agency scientists have revealed, as they call for further research on its impact on the brain.
Being cooped up in a confined spacecraft for a long period of time could take its toll on their physical and mental health, according to Prof Vladyslav Vyazovskiy, who is leading the research.
He said these "huge implications" could be mitigated if astronauts were put into a "state of stasis", and said further investigation is needed to establish what effect this might have on their brains.
"Hibernation is a fascinating biological phenomenon. Sometimes it is confused with sleep because when an animal is hibernating it looks like it is sleeping, but it's a fundamentally different state," said Prof Vyazovskiy, an associate professor of neuroscience at Oxford University.
"Imagine you had to take a very long-haul flight to Mars, for example, and how much fuel, water supply, air you'd need to take along. If you were awake all the time, there are also huge implications for mental health, spending so much time in a highly confined environment - so it would be really advantageous to put the astronauts in a state of stasis.
"A lot of research on hibernation has focussed on the body because it is a physiological state and biochemical processes in the body are slowed down, but very little has looked into what happens to the brain in this state. The brain could experience something similar to anesthesia or a sleep-like or comatose state, but we need more research to know what it means to be in this state."
Hibernation is an extended period of physical inactivity often lasting months, during which physiological functions such as metabolic and respiratory rate slow down significantly and the body temperature drops.
In contrast, sleep is a gentle resting state lasting hours rather than months, during which these physiological functions do not change to such a great extent.
"Hibernation is a widespread phenomenon and many animals hibernate," said Prof Vyazovskiy.
We know that some primates are able to. So I can't think what is special about humans that means they can't hibernate. We just need to find the secret.
"We can produce an artificial state of hibernation by administering drugs, but I don't think this is the most promising approach. We should learn from other animal species and how they trigger that process spontaneously - they know the trick but we have lost it for reasons we don't know yet."