圖 微生物介導的氮循環過程示意圖
Figure Schematic processes of nitrogen cycle driven by microorganisms (Francis CA, Beman JM, Kuypers MMM. New processes and players in the nitrogen cycle: the microbial ecology of anaerobic and archaeal ammonia oxidation. ISME Journal, 2007, 1: 1927.; Canfield DE, Glazer AN, Falkowski PG. The evolution and future of earth’s nitrogen cycle. Science 2010, 330: 192196.; Coskun D, Britto DT, Shi WM, Kronzucker HJ. 2017. How plant root exudates shape the nitrogen cycle. Trends in Plant Science 22: 661673.; Kuypers MMM, Marchant HK, Kartal B. 2018. The microbial nitrogen-cycling network. Nature Reviews Microbiology 16, 263276).
註:Oxic,常氧環境;Suboxic,次氧化環境;DON,可溶性有機氮;NH2OH,羥胺;PON,顆粒有機氮;N2 fixation,固氮作用;Nitrification,硝化作用;Ammonia oxidation,氨氧化作用;Nitrite oxidation,亞硝化作用;Denitrification,反硝化作用;Anammox,厭氧氨氧化作用;DNRA (Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium),硝酸鹽異化還原為氨;nifH,固氮酶(Nitrogenase)鐵蛋白(催化N2→NH4+)基因;amoA,氨單加氧酶(Ammonia monooxygenase) (催化NH4+→NO2)基因;hao,羥胺氧化酶(Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase) (催化NH2+OH→NO2)基因;nxrA,亞硝酸鹽氧化還原酶(Nitrite oxidoreductase) (催化NO2→NO3)基因;narG,膜靠硝酸鹽還原酶(Membranebound Nitrate Reductase) (催化NO3→NO2)基因;napA,可溶性細胞質硝酸鹽還原酶(Periplasmicbound nitrate reductase) (催化NO3→NO2)基因;nirK,含銅離子的亞硝酸鹽還原酶(Coppercontaining nitrite reductase) (催化NO2→NO)基因;nirS,含細胞色素cd1亞硝酸鹽還原酶(Cytochrome cd1containing nitrite reductase) (催化NO2→NO)基因;norB,NO還原酶(Nitric oxide reductase) (催化NO→N2O)基因;nosZ,N2O還原酶(Nitrous oxide reductase) (催化N2O→N2)基因;nrfA,異化氮還原氨(Dissimilatory nitrate reductase) (催化NO2→NH4+)基因;hzo,厭氧氨氧化酶(Anaerobic ammonium oxidase) (催化NH4+→N2)基因。
By王從彥