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外讀號,寓樂教,創意學,在行動!一、雙語讀
電影名字迷失在翻譯之中
PARIS—Friends will sometimes ask if you』ve seen a movie. You will say no. They will tell you what the plot is, and you will immediately realize that you have in fact seen the movie, just with a different title.
巴黎——有時候,朋友們會問你是否看過某部電影。如果你說沒有,他們就會告訴你那部電影的情節,這時你會突然發現,其實你看過那部電影,只不過片名跟他們說的不一樣。In France, where something like half of the movies released are American, movie titles in English are often translated (for example, 「The Iron Lady」 was 「La Dame de Fer」 in French, 「The Ides of March」 was released as 「Les Marches du Pouvoir」), but recently, a number of films have been released with an English title—but a different one from the original. 「Date Night」 became 「Crazy Night」 「The Hangover」 became 「Very Bad Trip,」 and 「Get him to the Greek」 was released as 「American Trip.」
法國上映的電影中,大約有一半來自美國;在法國,英文的片名常常會翻譯成法文(比如《鐵娘子》[The Iron Lady]翻譯成La Dame de Fer,《總統殺局》[The Ides of March]翻譯成Les Marches du Pouvoir),但是最近,很多電影在上映時還是會使用英文名字,只不過跟原來的片名不同。比如《約會之夜》(Date Night)改成了《瘋狂之夜》(Crazy Night),《宿醉》(The Hangover)改成了《慘痛旅程》(Very Bad Trip),《前往希臘劇院》(Get him to the Greek)則改成了《美國式旅行》(American Trip)。The most recent film confusing Anglophone Frenchies is 「Silver Linings Playbook,」 which in France is called 「Happiness Therapy.」 Cécile Dehesdin, a writer for Slate.fr, called English title translations into simpler English her pet peeve. 「Happiness Therapy」 is her latest heartache.
這些電影讓說英語的法國人傻傻分不清楚,其中最新的一部就是《烏雲背後的幸福線》(Silver Linings Playbook),它被冠上了另一個英文名《幸福療法》(Happiness Therapy)。Slate.fr網站的撰稿人塞西爾·德埃斯丹(Cécile Dehesdin)說,把本來的英文片名翻譯成更直白的英文這種做法讓她感到氣惱,而《幸福療法》就是最近讓她討厭的一個。The curious trend leads a person to believe that the French public would rather the title remain in English to keep its American cool, but that producers seek a more understandable title.
這個奇異的趨勢讓人覺得,一方面,法國公眾更願意繼續使用英文片名,以保持電影的美國風味,另一方面,製作人也試圖讓片名變得更加通俗易懂。「It’s a true debate,」 said Stéphane Réthoré, head of marketing at Universal France. 「Every time we have a foreign film it’s a question we study carefully.」
「這個問題真的是很傷腦筋,」環球法國公司(Universal France)的營銷負責人斯特凡納·雷託瑞(Stéphane Réthoré)說:「每次接到外國電影,我們都會認真研究這個問題。」Giving the movie a French title could risk losing its 「cool」 because the English language still carries cachet, he explains. A French translation runs the risk of giving the film a ridiculous image and be counterproductive. A literal translation of 「Silver Linings Playbook,」 for example, would be incomprehensible to the general French public. Ms. Dehesdin conceded the translation would be complex.
雷託瑞解釋說,翻譯成法語片名之後,電影可能就顯得不那麼「酷」了,因為英文名讓人感覺很正宗。把英文片名翻譯成法語,可能會製造荒謬感,產生適得其反的效果。比如說,「烏雲背後的幸福線」逐字翻譯成的法語片名,會讓普通法國公眾覺得莫名其妙。德埃斯丹也承認,這麼翻譯會很糾結。I’m not saying it’s easy. The title, 「Silver Linings Playbook」 is relatively opaque even for English speakers.… A literal translation into 『Mode d』emploi du bonheur』 (Guide to Happiness) would be very cringe-worthy.
我倒不是說這很容易。就算是對那些講英語的人來說,「烏雲背後的幸福線」的意思也不是那麼顯而易見.逐字翻譯成的Mode d』emploi du bonheur(幸福指南),又感覺非常雷人。Google Translate proposes 「Playbook doublure argentée.」 Probably not the best option either.
用谷歌翻譯(Google Translate)翻的Playbook doublure argentée似乎也不怎麼好。Henri Ernst, head of distribution at UGC in France, has been responsible for many translations. He saw 「Silver Linings Playbook,」 a funny-sad love story about a man who returns home after a stay in a mental institution, at the Toronto film festival last autumn. 「First thing I thought was, how on earth will they translate that?」 he said in a recent phone interview.
亨利·恩斯特(Henri Ernst)是法國影片總公司(UGC)法國區的發行負責人,很多外國電影的片名都是他翻譯的。去年秋天,他在多倫多電影節上觀看了《烏雲背後的幸福線》,這是一個既搞笑又傷感的愛情故事,講述男主角在精神病院住了一段時間後返回家中發生的事情。「當時我腦海中想到的第一件事,就是他們究竟會如何翻譯這個片名,」恩斯特在最近的一次電話採訪中說。When his team starts planning the distribution for a movie, there are five key elements to the package they need to create: the title, the synopsis, the photos, the poster and the trailer. 「With foreign films, the title is the first thing we think about; it’s the first thing people say and it’s extremely important,」 he said.
恩斯特的團隊在為一部電影制定發行計劃時,需要確定五個關鍵要素:片名、簡介、照片、海報和預告片。「對於外國電影,我們考慮的第一件事就是片名;它就是人們所說的頭等大事,極為重要,」他說。「We have three options when we get a foreign film to distribute,」 he explained. 「Translation, adaptation or just keeping the original title.」
「我們在發行外國電影的時候,有三個選擇,」他解釋說:「翻譯,改名,或者保留原名。」When they translate, they have to be careful to avoid a cheap and heavy result. Take Steve McQueen’s 「Shame,」 about a sex addict, for example, it could』ve never become 「Honte」 ; 「it just doesn’t work,」 said Mr. Ernst. The word 「honte」 is more about embarrassment; 「shame」 can carry a seedier connotation. They stayed with 「Shame.」
在翻譯片名的時候,他們必須小心避免用詞過輕或者過重。舉個例子,史蒂夫·麥奎因(Steve McQueen)的《羞恥》(Shame)講述了一個性上癮者的故事,它絕不能翻譯成法語中的「Honte」。「這樣翻是不行的,」恩斯特說,「honte」的意思更偏向於「尷尬」,而「shame」這個詞的「不道德」意味更濃,所以他們保留了這部電影的英文原名。When the distributors adapt, they need to be careful to maintain the buzz that is already created around the movie on the Web, which argues for keeping the original title when possible. Today, release dates are also much closer together internationally than they were a decade ago. So a film that creates a buzz when it’s released in the United States will be talked about in Europe. Marketing campaigns have to be much more global, which is one of the reasons so many titles remain the same, or at least stay in English.
在改動片名的時候,他們必須小心保持這部電影已經在網上獲得的知名度;而知名度方面的好處,也促使他們儘量保留電影的原名。和10年前相比,如今的電影在國際市場上的發行日期跟本土發行日期更加接近,因此,一部電影在美國上映時獲得的知名度也會波及到歐洲。營銷活動必須更具全球視野,這就是很多電影保留原名,或者至少是繼續使用英文名的原因之一。「Today, before they come out, films already have a life online. So distributors have to keep that in mind when they come up with the marketing package,」 said Mr. Ernst.
「如今的電影在上映之前,在網上就已經很活躍了。所以,發行商在制定營銷方案的時候必須牢記這一點,」恩斯特說。It never used to be like that. Foreign films released in France had thought-out titles in French. 「All titles used to be translated, and a lot of effort was put into it,」 said Mr. Réthoré, giving the example of 「High Noon,」 which is known in France as 「Le Train Sifflera Trois Fois.」
這樣的情況以前從來沒有出現過。以前,在法國上映的外國電影都會冠以精心翻譯的法語片名。雷託瑞說:「以前所有的片名都會翻譯成法語,工作人員為此投入了大量精力。」他舉了一個例子:《正午》(High Noon)在法國的譯名是《三聲火車汽笛》(Le Train Sifflera Trois Fois)。But now, even franchise films that used to carry French translations are retaining their American titles.
但是現在,即使是那些曾經有過法語譯名的系列電影,也會重新使用美國片名。「We’re seeing films like 『Die Hard,』 of which the first film that came out in the 』80s was translated into 『Le Piège de Crystal,』 go back to their original title and come out today as 『Die Hard 4,』 even in France. Or 『Star Wars』; in the 』80s, we knew 『Star Wars』 as 『La Guerre des Étoiles,』 but now the younger generation knows it as 『Star Wars.』 」
「像《虎膽龍威》(Die Hard)這樣的電影,第一部上映時是上世紀80年代,當時它在法國被翻譯成《水晶陷阱》(Le Piège de Crystal),現在它又倒回去使用英文名了,這個系列最新的一部即使在法國也被稱為《Die Hard 4》。還有《星球大戰》(Star Wars),在上世紀80年代,我們用法語的『星球大戰』(La Guerre des Étoiles)稱呼它,但現在的年輕人叫它《Star Wars》。」In an online poll the Web site Newsring recently asked its readers if they were pro or con film title translation; 78 percent responded against.
Newsring網站最近舉辦了一個在線投票活動,問用戶是否贊成翻譯電影片名,結果有78%的投票者表示不贊成。In 2003, Mr. Ernst was in charge is distributing Stephen Frears’s 「Dirty Pretty Things.」 「It was a difficult decision,」 he said. 「It was the author’s title, and a beautiful one, so we didn’t want to change it. It was also quite easy to understand.」
2003年時,恩斯特負責發行史蒂芬·弗雷斯(Stephen Frears)導演的《美麗壞東西》(Dirty Pretty Things)。「這是一個艱難的決定,」他說,「電影的名字是導演想出來的,而且它也很優美,所以我們不想改動它。何況這個名字也很容易理解。」In the end, they went with the same title, but with 「Loin de chez eux」 (Far From Home) as a subtitle.
最後,他們保留了原來的片名,但是加了一個副標題:「遠離家鄉」(Loin de chez eux)。And sometimes, keeping the English titles, as complicated as it may be, works out fine. The perfect example: 「Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind,」 which kept its mysterious title and did very well at the French box office.
有時候,就算英文片名很複雜,保留原名的效果也不錯。《美麗心靈的永恆陽光》(Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind)就是一個極好的例子,它保留了故弄玄虛的原名,也在法國獲得了很高的票房收入。But the approach depends on the genre. 「You won’t think about a title the same way if you have an auteur movie in your hands, or one about alien terrorists attacking the White House,」 says Mr. Ernst. Mark Wahlberg’s next movie, 「Pain and Gain,」 about the bodybuilding culture will be released in France under the name 「Big & Bad,」 and 「No Strings Attached」 was simply translated into 「Sex Friends.」 No chance anyone won’t know what those films are about.
但採用何種處理方法是由電影的類型決定的。恩斯特說:「如果你接到的是某位個性導演拍攝的作品,或者是外星恐怖分子襲擊白宮的電影,你不能用同樣的方式去考慮它的片名。」馬克·沃爾伯格(Mark Wahlberg)的新作《痛苦與收穫》(Pain and Gain)是一部關於健身文化的電影,它在法國上映時會改名為《又大又壞》(Big & Bad),而《愛情無線牽》(No Strings Attached)在法國則改成了直白的《炮友》(Sex Friends)。每個人都知道這些電影講的是什麼了。Children’s films are another story. The are almost always translated.
兒童電影則是另外一回事。幾乎所有兒童電影的片名都會翻譯成法語。「Kids go and see films their mothers will allow them to see, and using an English title leads the mothers to believe it’s too grown up for their kids.」
「孩子要看電影必須先經過母親那一關,如果使用英文片名,母親就會覺得這部電影太成人化了,不適合孩子看。」That is how 「Up」 became 「Là-Haut,」 「Despicable Me」 became 「Moi, Moche et Méchant」 (a title Mr. Réthoré’s team came up with) and how 「Finding Nemo」 became 「Le Monde de Nemo.」
所以,在法國,《飛屋環遊記》(Up)變成了《在天上》(Là-Haut);《卑鄙的我》(Despicable Me)變成了《我,醜陋而悲慘》(Moi, Moche et Méchant)——這是雷託瑞的團隊想出的名字;《海底總動員》(Finding Nemo)變成了《尼莫的世界》(Le Monde de Nemo)。But then France’s film market is a very particular one. According to a European Commission study from 2011, France is the only European country to offer showings of a foreign film in both a dubbed version and in its original language.
但是,法國電影市場是一個非常特別的市場。2011年歐盟委員會(European Commission)的調查顯示,法國是唯一一個在上映外國電影時既提供譯製版又提供原音版的歐洲國家。「Our country has a very specific cinema public,」 says Mr. Ernst. 「We have a very cinephile audience who have a good American movie culture. They’re fine with some titles being in English.」
「法國的電影觀眾非常特殊,」恩斯特說,「這些觀眾十分熱愛電影藝術,對美國電影文化也相當了解,所以一些電影使用英文片名的情況,他們接受得了。」
來源:紐約時報
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