近日，劍橋詞典（Cambridge Dictionary）公布了2020年度詞彙：Quarantine（封鎖）。
Quarantine這一詞，劍橋詞典官方給出的釋義為：a general period of time in which people are not allowed to leave their homes or travel freely, so that they do not catch or spread a disease. 指的是在一段時間內人們不得離開家或自由旅行，以免感染或傳播疾病。
Cambridge Dictionary names 'quarantine』 Word of the Year 2020
Cambridge Dictionary
Quarantine was the only word to rank in the top five for both search spikes (28,545) and overall views (more than 183,000 by early November), with the largest spike in searches seen the week of 18-24 March, when many countries around the world went into lockdown as a result of COVID-19.
Quarantine是唯一一個搜索峰值（28,545）和總體瀏覽量（到11月初超過18.3萬）都排在前五位的詞，其中3月18-24日那一周的搜索峰值最大，當時全球許多國家因COVID-19而進入封鎖狀態。
quarantine /kwrntin/
1）作名詞，表示「隔離，檢疫」，英文解釋為「If a person or animal isinquarantine, they are being kept separate from other people or animals for a set period of time, usually because they have or may have a disease that could spread.」舉個：
She was sent home and put in quarantine.
她被送回家實施隔離。
2）作動詞，表示「對…進行隔離」，英文解釋為「If people or animalsare quarantined, they are stopped from having contact with other people or animals. If a placeis quarantined, people and animals are prevented from entering or leaving it.」舉個：
Dogs have to be quarantined for six months before they'll let them in.
狗必須被隔離6個月後他們才會放它們進來。
spike
可以理解為「峰值」或者「激增；猛增；急升」，英文解釋為「a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something」。
剛好聽說新一輪成品油調價窗口將於12月3日24時開啟，加滿一箱92號汽油，將多花10元，就可以說，a spike in oil prices 油價的急劇上漲。
此外，也有「尖頭，尖刺；（尤指金屬的）尖狀物」的意思（a narrow, thin shape with a sharp point at one end, or something, especially a piece of metal, with this shape）舉個：
There were large spikes on top of the railings to stop people climbing over them.
欄杆頂端裝著粗大的尖釘，防止有人攀越。
再比如spike heels指的就是「細高跟女鞋」等同於stiletto /stlt/ = stiletto heels，英文解釋為「Stilettos are women's shoes that have high, very narrow heels.」
lockdown
柯林斯詞典2020年度詞彙就是Lockdown. 柯林斯官方給出的釋義為：the imposition of stringent restrictions on travel, social interaction, and access to public spaces. 指的是對出行、社交和進入公共場所實行嚴格限制。一般就譯為「封鎖」。
The Cambridge Dictionary editors have also tracked how people are using quarantine, and have discovered a new meaning emerging: a general period of time in which people are not allowed to leave their homes or travel freely, so that they do not catch or spread a disease. Research shows the word is being used synonymously with lockdown, particularly in the United States, to refer to a situation in which people stay home to avoid catching the disease.
《劍橋詞典》編輯還追溯了人們是如何使用quarantine一詞的，並發現了一個新的含義：在一段時間內，人們不允許離開家或自由旅行，以免感染或傳播某種疾病。研究表明，這個詞正與封鎖（lockdown）同義，特別是在美國，指的是人們為了避免感染疾病而呆在家裡的情況。
synonymously
形容詞性：synonymous /snnms/，表示「同義的，近義的」，英文解釋為「having the same meaning」，be synonymous with可以表示「等同於…的」（so closely connected with sth that the two things appear to be the same）舉個：
Wealth is not necessarily synonymous with happiness.
財富未必等同於幸福。
This new sense of quarantine has now been added to the Cambridge Dictionary, and marks a shift from the existing meanings that relate to containing a person or animal suspected of being contagious: a specific period of time in which a person or animal that has a disease, or may have one, must stay or be kept away from others in order to prevent the spread of the disease.
現在，《劍橋詞典》中增加了隔離的這一新含義，標誌著與現有的「控制疑似傳染病的人或動物有關」的含義發生了轉變：在一段特定的時間內，患有或可能患有某種疾病的人或動物必須呆在家裡或遠離他人，以防止疾病的傳播。
contain
1）表示「防止…蔓延（或惡化）」，英文解釋為「to prevent sth harmful from spreading or getting worse」如：to contain an epidemic 防止流行病的蔓延。
2）表示「控制，克制，抑制（感情）」，英文解釋為「to keep your feelings under control」舉個：
She was unable to contain her excitement.
她無法抑制內心的激動。
電影《哥斯拉》（Godzilla）中的臺詞提到：That's why our mission was to contain it. 所以我們的主要任務是控制它。
類似的一個詞，restrain表示「阻止，制止；遏制」（to control the actions or behaviour of someone by force, especially in order to stop them from doing something, or to limit the growth or force of something）舉個：
She was so angry that she could hardly restrain herself.
她氣得幾乎都控制不住自己。
類似的短語：keep/ get sth under control，舉個：
You should learn to keep your temper under control.
你應該學會控制自己的脾氣。
contagious
contagious /kn'teds/ 1) 表示「（疾病）接觸傳染的」，英文解釋為「A disease that is contagious can be caught by touching people or things that are infected with it.」
2) 表示「（感情、態度、行動）富於感染力的，會蔓延的」，英文解釋為「If a feeling, attitude, or action is contagious, other people are quickly affected by it and begin to have it or do it」，如：her contagious enthusiasm 她那富有感染力的熱情。
Wendalyn Nichols, Cambridge Dictionary Publishing Manager, said:
《劍橋詞典》出版經理溫達林·尼古拉斯（Wendalyn Nichols）說：
"The words that people search for revealnot just what is happening in the world, but what matters most to them in relation to those events. Neither coronavirus nor COVID-19 appeared among the words that Cambridge Dictionary users searched for most this year. We believe this indicates that people have been fairly confident about what the virus is."
「人們搜索的詞語不僅揭示了世界上正在發生的事情，而且揭示了與這些事件有關的對他們來說最重要的事情。冠狀病毒（coronavirus）和COVID-19都沒有出現在今年劍橋詞典用戶搜索最多的詞彙中。我們相信，這表明人們對病毒是什麼已經相當有信心。」
"Instead, users have been searching for words related to the social and economic impacts of the pandemic, as evidenced not just by quarantine but by the two runners-up on the shortlist for Word of the Year: lockdown, and pandemic itself."
「相反，用戶一直在搜索與疫情帶來的社會和經濟影響有關的詞彙，這不僅體現在quarantine一詞上，還體現在年度詞彙（Word of the Year）榜單中兩個排名第二的詞彙：lockdown（封鎖）以及pandemic（大流行）。」
runner-up
表示「亞軍，第二名」，英文解釋為「Arunner-upis someone who has finished in second place in a race or competition.」注意，複數形式為runners-up，舉個：
The ten runners-up will receive a case of wine.
那10名亞軍將得到一箱葡萄酒。
區分：
run-up表示「（重要事件的）前夕，前奏，前期，準備階段」，英文解釋為「the run-up to sth the period of time just before an important event」，如：in the run-up to Christmas 聖誕節前夕；
run-up也可以指「（踢球、跳高等之前的）助跑，助跑距離」，英文解釋：the act of running, or the distance that you run, before you kick a ball, jump over a pole etc.
shortlist
表示「最終候選名單，決選名單；入圍名單」，英文解釋為「a list of people who have been judged the most suitable for a job or prize, made from a longer list of people originally considered, and from which one person will be chosen」舉個：
We've drawn up (= decided) a shortlist for the job.
我們已經確定了該職位的最終候選名單。
美式：short list是分開的。有shortlist就有longlist，意思就是「初選名單」（A long-list for something such as a job or a prize is a large group that has been chosen from all the people who applied for the job, or all the people or things that are competing for the prize. The successful ones from this group are chosen to go on the shortlist.）
同時，兩個詞都可以作為動詞，比如shortlist作動詞，表示「把…列入入圍名單」舉個：
Candidates who are shortlisted for interview will be contacted by the end of the week.
入圍參加面試的求職者將在周末以前得到通知。
Cambridge Dictionary is the top dictionary website for learners of English in the world. As well as definitions, the Cambridge Dictionary shows how words are used in real-world contexts. Its 『About Words』 blog, written by language usage experts, helps learners gain confidence in using vocabulary related to specific topics.
《劍橋詞典》是世界頂級的英語學習者詞典網站。除了定義之外，《劍橋詞典》還展示了單詞在現實語境中的使用情況。它的「關於單詞」（About Words）博客由語言使用專家撰寫，幫助學習者獲得使用特定主題相關詞彙的信心。
context
表示「上下文；語境」，英文解釋為「the text or speech that comes immediately before and after a particular phrase or piece of text and helps to explain its meaning」舉個：
In this exercise, a word is blanked out and you have to guess what it is by looking at the context.
在這個練習中，有一個單詞被抽去了，你必須根據上下文猜測這個單詞是什麼。
短語out of context表示「脫離上下文」，英文解釋為「If words are used out of context, only a smallseparatepart of what was originally said or written is reported, with the result that theirmeaning is not clear or is not understood.」舉個：
The reporter took my remarks completely out of context.
記者引用我的話完全是斷章取義。
電影《鋼鐵俠2》（Iron Man 2）臺詞中提到：You do understand that reading a single paragraph out of context does not reflect ... 你知道，如果脫離上下文只讀一段是不能體現...
電影《凱文怎麼了》（We Need to Talk About Kevin）臺詞：Listen buddy, it's easy to misunderstand something when you hear it out of context. 如果你聽到的東西脫離了上下文就很容易產生誤解。
電影《三代人》（3 generations）臺詞：This is not helpful, you can't take things out of context. 這樣做沒用，你不能斷章取義。
The most highly viewed blog post this year was Quarantine, carriers and face masks: the language of the coronavirus, which had almost 80,000 views in the first six weeks after it was posted on February 26, and now ranks as the ninth most viewed 'About Words' post in the nearly ten years that the blog has been live. The post covers a range of related terms, such as infectious, contagious, carriers, super-spreaders, and symptoms, as well as phrases such as contract a virus, a spike in cases, contain the spread, and develop a vaccine.
今年瀏覽量最高的博文是《隔離、攜帶者和口罩：冠狀病毒的語言》（Quarantine, carriers and face masks: the language of the coronavirus），該博文在2月26日發布後的前六周內就有近8萬次瀏覽量，目前已成為該博客上線近十年來瀏覽量排名第九的博文。該博文涵蓋了一系列相關詞彙，如infectious（傳染性）、contagious（感染性）、carriers（攜帶者）、super-spreaders（超級傳播者）、symptoms（症狀），以及contract a virus（感染病毒）、a spike in cases（病例激增）、contain the spread（遏制傳播）、develop a vaccine（研發疫苗）等詞組。
infectious
表示「（疾病）傳染性的」，英文解釋為「(of a disease) able to be passed from one person, animal, or plant to another」如：an infectious disease 傳染病。
contract
1）作名詞，表示「合同；契約」，英文解釋為「a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups, or the agreement itself」如：a contract of employment 僱用合同。
2）作動詞，熟詞僻義，表示「染（重病）」，英文解釋為「If you contract a serious illness, you become ill with it.」如：to contract a virus/a disease 感染病毒/疾病。
電影《震蕩效應》（Concussion）中的臺詞提到：of contracting a brain related injury such as dementia, Alzheimer's, depression or CTE? 造成相關的大腦損傷，如痴呆、阿爾茨海默氏症，抑鬱症，或CTE？
The Cambridge Dictionary editors regularly monitor a wide range of sources for the new words and meanings that are added monthly to the online dictionary. On the 『New Words』 blog, potential new additions are posted weekly for readers to cast their vote on whether they feel these words should be added.
《劍橋詞典》的編輯們會定期監測各種來源的新詞和新義，這些新詞和新義每月都會添加到在線詞典中。在「新詞」（New Words）博客上，每周都會發布潛在的新詞，讓讀者投票決定是否應該添加這些詞。
cast a/your vote
表示「投票」，相當於vote，舉個：
All the votes in the election have now been cast and the counting has begun.
這次選舉的投票現已全部結束，計票工作已經開始。
In a recent poll, 33% of respondents said quaranteam - combining quarantine and team, meaning a group of people who go into quarantine together - should be added to the dictionary. Other suggestions include the portmanteau words quaranteen, coronial and lockstalgia.
在最近的一次投票調查中，33%的受訪者表示，quaranteam--將quarantine和team結合在一起，意思是一群人一起進入隔離區--應該被添加到詞典中。其他建議包括混成詞quaranteen、coronial和lockstalgia。
portmanteaus
portmanteau /ptmnt/ 表示「混成詞」（合音詞、緊縮詞、合併詞，混合詞）指由最少兩個詞語或詞語的一部分結合而成的詞語或詞素，該新詞語的意義和讀音集組成部分之成。一般而言，混成詞是新詞。舉個：breakfast + lunch 構成了brunch 早午餐。motel 汽車旅館（motor + hotel）；smog 霧霾（smoke + fog）。
類似的也叫：Blend，英文解釋為：a word formed by joining together the beginning and the end of two other words.
謝謝你看到這裡呀