科學家對大腦中一種叫朊病毒的正常蛋白可以變得有害並導致人類克雅病和牛綿狀腦病(狂牛症)的認識已經20多年了,但至今仍然不能解釋,我們人體中早先為什麼會產生大量的這種蛋白。德國康斯坦茨大學研究人員最近發現,朊病毒蛋白實際起了一個對生物體有益的作用,它能在胚胎發育期間幫助細胞之間進行交流。
發生朊病毒疾病的原因是它的化學結構發生了改變,使正常的朊病毒蛋白轉變為對生命有威脅的物質。此外,朊病毒還具有將異常結構傳給健康朊病毒蛋白的複製能力,因此會產生新的致病體。儘管這種變化過程可以解釋朊病毒是如何播散的,但朊病毒蛋白的異常功能是神經退行性疾病發生的根源。多年來,對朊病毒正常功能的認識一直是個不解之謎。到目前為止,所有對遺傳改良小鼠的研究都沒有提供確切的證據,因為這些小鼠缺乏完全健康的朊病毒蛋白。
康斯坦茨大學最近證明,缺乏朊病毒蛋白可明顯造成動物生理上的異常,而他們用的試驗模型是微小的斑馬魚。當研究人員給斑馬魚胚胎注射少量抑制朊病毒蛋白產生的、類似DNA分子樣的物質嗎啉代後,這些斑馬魚的胚胎就不能正常發育,最終導致了死亡。正常見於斑馬魚胚胎中細胞與細胞結合部位的朊病毒蛋白消失,致使這些細胞不能進行交流和進行正常的、形成身體主要結構的分化程序,包括神經系統。
「我們證明,朊病毒蛋白是一種膠合元素,它將細胞聚合在一起並使它們保持聯絡。」研究人員說。「當兩個相鄰細胞進行聯絡時,它們就能交換影響身體組織功能的重要信號。」
儘管這項研究沒有提供治療克-雅病和牛綿狀腦病的方法,但揭開了部分複雜難題,拓寬了我們對朊病毒疾病的認識,也為有效治療這類疾病帶來了希望。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PLoS Biol 7(3): e1000055 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000055
Regulation of Embryonic Cell Adhesion by the Prion Protein
Edward Málaga-Trillo*, Gonzalo P. Solis, Yvonne Schrock, Corinna Geiss, Lydia Luncz, Venus Thomanetz, Claudia A. O. Stuermer
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
Prion proteins (PrPs) are key players in fatal neurodegenerative disorders, yet their physiological functions remain unclear, as PrP knockout mice develop rather normally. We report a strong PrP loss-of-function phenotype in zebrafish embryos, characterized by the loss of embryonic cell adhesion and arrested gastrulation. Zebrafish and mouse PrP mRNAs can partially rescue this knockdown phenotype, indicating conserved PrP functions. Using zebrafish, mouse, and Drosophila cells, we show that PrP: (1) mediates Ca+2-independent homophilic cell adhesion and signaling; and (2) modulates Ca+2-dependent cell adhesion by regulating the delivery of E-cadherin to the plasma membrane. In vivo time-lapse analyses reveal that the arrested gastrulation in PrP knockdown embryos is due to deficient morphogenetic cell movements, which rely on E-cadherin–based adhesion. Cell-transplantation experiments indicate that the regulation of embryonic cell adhesion by PrP is cell-autonomous. Moreover, we find that the local accumulation of PrP at cell contact sites is concomitant with the activation of Src-related kinases, the recruitment of reggie/flotillin microdomains, and the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, consistent with a role of PrP in the modulation of cell adhesion via signaling. Altogether, our data uncover evolutionarily conserved roles of PrP in cell communication, which ultimately impinge on the stability of adherens cell junctions during embryonic development.