是什麼,
讓人在冬季凜冽的寒風中
面色潮紅、大汗淋漓?
是什麼,
讓人胃痛、喉嚨灼燒、涕泗橫流
卻停不下來?
當然是
吃!辣!
人生苦短,無辣不歡。
然而,辣,可真是一個「磨人的小妖精」。
吃辣的人感受到的是快樂,
並痛著!
吃辣時,口腔、喉嚨、食道、腸胃乃至全身的皮膚共同反應,痛與熱伴隨著唇舌間的火焰迸發,這種極致的體驗,是不是和其他味覺享受,有點不太一樣呢?
不一樣就對了!
最近,在一則科普中,CD君發現了「辣」的奧秘:辣並非是被人體味蕾感知到的一種味覺體驗,而是混合著痛覺與觸覺的混合物!
換句話說,吃辣時,辣到的不僅僅是舌頭,而是全身!
那麼,我們的身體究竟是如何接收「辣」這一訊號的呢?痛並快樂著的嗜辣人士究竟為何無辣不歡?「恐辣」星人又該如何安全地嘗試吃辣?
我們一起探究「辣的奧秘」吧!
早在1997年,加州大學舊金山分校的藥理學家David Julius和他的同事們就探究出了「辣包含痛覺」這一奧秘。
他們在辣椒素的活性成分中發現了一種能夠使腎細胞反應的基因,並將其命名為「TRPV1」。這種辣椒素受體使腎細胞活躍,同時還會造成人體的高溫反應。
換句話說,當你把辣椒稱為「熱辣」時,這不僅僅是一個類比——就你的大腦而言,你的嘴真的被燒了。這是一種感覺,而不是氣味或味道,它通過處理觸覺的神經傳遞到大腦。像其他觸覺感受器一樣,TRPV1受體遍布皮膚內層。
In other words, when you call a chili pepper 「hot,」 that’s not just an analogy—as far as your brain can tell, your mouth really is being burned. That’s a feel, not a smell or taste, and it passes to the brain through nerves that handle the sense of touch. Like other touch receptors, TRPV1 receptors are found all over the inner layer of your skin.
《自然》雜誌的姐妹出版物《科學美國人》(Scientific America)曾發布科普問答《為什麼吃辣的食物會造成身體的熱反應(例如與出汗、灼燒類似的反應)?》(Why is it that eating spicy, "hot" food causes the same physical reactions as does physical heat (burning and sweating, for instance)?)
其中提到:
辛辣食物會激發皮膚中通常對熱有反應的受體。這些受體是疼痛纖維,嚴格意義上被稱為多模式傷害感受器。它們可以應對極端溫度和強烈的機械刺激,如捏和割傷;它們也會對某些化學影響產生反應。
…spicy foods excite the receptors in the skin that normally respond to heat. Those receptors are pain fibers, technically known as polymodal nociceptors. They respond to temperature extremes and to intense mechanical stimulation, such as pinching and cutting; they also respond to certain chemical influences.
中樞神經系統對感覺系統正在發生的事情做出反應。因此,疼痛和溫暖神經纖維的活動模式會觸發感覺和熱量的物理反應,包括血管舒張、出汗和潮紅。
The central nervous system reacts to whatever the sensory system tells it is going on. Therefore, the pattern of activity from pain and warm nerve fibers triggers both the sensations and the physical reactions of heat, including vasodilation, sweating and flushing.
大多數人認為辛辣食物的「灼熱」是一種味道。實際上,這兩種感官體驗是相關的,但是非常明顯。他們以同樣的方式支配舌頭,但是由辣椒素引發的疼痛系統發生在身體的任何地方,人們都可以在任何地方獲得熱效應。
Most people think of the 'burn' of spicy food as a form of taste. In fact, the two sensory experiences are related but are very distinct. They innervate the tongue the same way, but the pain system that is triggered by capsaicin is everywhere on the body, so one can get thermal effects everywhere.
簡單來說,吃辣時,我們的味蕾被激活,口腔中可以與辣椒素結合的受體蛋白質開始與辣椒素結合,刺激痛覺和熱覺神經,受到自己的神經將信號傳遞給大腦,於是大腦經過分析,就得出了「灼痛」的感覺。
「辣椒虐我千萬遍,我待吃辣如初戀。」可是,為什麼要如此「折磨」自己呢?
英國《衛報》對此的解釋是:追求「燃燒的感覺」。
根據賓夕法尼亞大學的心理學家Paul Rozin的說法,世界上大約三分之一的人每天都吃辣椒。為什麼? 因為他們「喜歡這種灼燒的感覺」。Rozin在今年的心理科學協會會議期間舉辦的胃腸心理學研討會上指出,人類是我們所知道的唯一一種專門追尋負面事件的物種。
According to psychologist Paul Rozin of the University of Pennsylvania, about a third of the people around the world eat hot peppers every single day. Why? Because they "love the burn". At a symposium on gastro-psychology during this year's Association for Psychological Science convention, Rozin pointed out that humans are the only species – we know about – that specifically seek out what would otherwise be considered negative events.
這種對於負面感官刺激的追求被科學家稱之為「享樂逆轉」(hedonic reversal)或「良性受虐機制」(benign masochism)。科學研究表明,似乎只有人類能從消極的感覺本身中獲取快樂。
也許我們追尋吃辣的痛苦經歷,同時又有意識地告訴自己吃辣沒有真正的危險。
Perhaps we seek out the painful experience of snacking on chillies while consciously maintaining awareness that there is no real danger to ourselves.
文章還將辣椒與其他有刺激性的事物,如過山車、恐怖電影,進行了對比。
畢竟,人們似乎喜歡——並積極地尋找——許多其他不受歡迎但又表面上安全的感覺:過山車或跳傘提供的墜落感,看恐怖片時的恐懼和焦慮感,跳入冰冷的水中時身體上的痛苦經歷,甚至是看到煽情畫面的悲傷。
After all, people seem to enjoy – and actively seek out – many other sensations that are otherwise undesirable but are ostensibly safe: the sensation of falling provided by rollercoasters or skydiving, the feelings of fear and anxiety while watching horror movies, the physical pain experienced upon jumping into icy water, or even the feelings of sadness that come while watching a tear-jerker.
也許正是這種認知不匹配本身就能帶來刺激:就像一次又一次地進入過山車或者將《人皮客棧》的碟片推入DVD播放機一樣,辣椒素的燃燒似乎只會帶來威脅。
Perhaps it is this cognitive mismatch itself that provides the thrill: like strapping into a rollercoaster or popping Hostel into your DVD player over and over again, the burn of capsaicin only seems to be threatening.
總之,辣椒素在舌尖的燃燒似乎只是一種威脅,而不會帶來危險。而恰恰人們「享受」著這種「安全」的「威脅」。
事實上,吃辣好處多多。
最讓人難以抗拒的一項,就是減肥。
英國《太陽報》揭示了吃辣瘦身的原理:當身體處於「產熱」(thermogenesis)狀態時,卡路裡會被燃燒用來生產熱能,於是我們就會變瘦。吃辣,可以引導「產熱」狀態的發生,從而幫助人燃燒脂肪。
註冊營養師Helen Bond對此進行了進一步解釋:
當辣椒素被包含在飲食中時,每天額外燃燒50卡路裡。
When capsaicin was included in the diet, an extra 50 calories were burned each day.
其他小型研究顯示,其他香料,如芥末和生薑,可能有助於燃燒卡路裡或增加飽腹感,導致我們少吃。
Other small studies show other spices such as mustard and ginger, may help burn calories or improve satiety (feelings of fullness) so we eat less.
美國Push Doctor網站還提出過一種未經證實的理論(乍一看好像很有道理的樣子):辣的食物無法一次性吃太多,所以能讓人變瘦。
此外,吃辣還可以讓人長壽。
北京大學、哈佛大學和牛津大學研究人員在2015年進行了一項研究。通過觀察了50萬中國成年人的工作餐飲食,研究人員發現每周至少吃辣一次的人在接下來的七年中死亡的可能性降低了10%。而那些每周吃辣三到七天的人的死亡風險降低了14%。
儘管該研究團隊聲明說,基於這項研究的觀察性質,不可根據研究結果進行因果推斷,但來自劍橋大學的Nita Forouhi仍表示,吃辣的潛在益處毋庸置疑:
潛在的益處包括抗氧化,抗炎和抗癌特性。 科學家們還注意到了辣椒對腸道微生物群和抗肥胖效果的貢獻。
These included anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Scientists had also noted the benefits for gut microbiota and anti-obesity effects from chilli.
據稱,吃辣可改善血液循環,擴張動脈,降低血壓並降低患血栓的風險。 在馬裡蘭大學醫學中心進行的研究也表明,姜和薑黃等香料可以降低膽固醇。
Spices have been claimed to improve circulation, widen arteries, lower blood pressure and decrease the risk of blood clots. Research carried out at the University of Maryland Medical Center also indicates that spices such as ginger and turmeric could decrease cholesterol.
那麼,對於不能吃辣星人而言,怎樣才能安全地嘗試辣椒呢?
費城莫奈爾化學感覺中心(Monell Chemical Senses Center)的嗅覺研究員帕梅拉•道爾頓(Pamela Dalton)為初嘗辣椒者提供了幾個小貼士:
道爾頓建議,給你已經喜歡的菜加點辣椒。吃一大口。如果感到疼痛,等上兩到五分鐘,讓你嘴裡的受體不再那麼敏感後,再咬一口。不要太心急,把乳製品放在手邊,以防萬一;牛奶中的分子可以吸引和溶解辣椒素。把食物放在喉嚨後部,而不是唇邊。喉嚨後部的黏膜不那麼敏感。
Add the spice to a dish you already like,」 Dalton says. "Take a mouthful. If it hurts, wait two and a half to five minutes for the receptors in your mouth to desensitize before taking another bite. Don’t overdo it, and keep a dairy product nearby in case you do; molecules in milk attract and dissolve capsaicin. Put the food toward the back of your throat, where people tend to find the mucous membrane less sensitive. Don’t get it on your lips.
練習這種良性受虐:通過不斷地讓你的神經接觸辛辣,讓你的大腦相信這些是你想要的體驗,而不是威脅。道爾頓說:「我們往往喜歡反覆經歷的事情。」心理學家稱這種現象為「純粹接觸效應」。
Practice a benign masochism: By repeatedly exposing your nerves to spices, you reassure your brain that these are desired encounters, not threats. 「We tend to like things that we experience over and over,」 Dalton says. Psychologists call this phenomenon 「the mere-exposure effect.」
「如果你每周至少吃一次辛辣食物,幾個月內你就會發現自己的耐受性增強了。」吃辣新手可以從一種較溫和的化合物開始,這種化合物的作用時間較短,存在於肉桂、姜、黑胡椒、薄荷或芥末中,它會逐漸積累成辣椒中熾熱的辣椒素。
If you eat spicy food at least once a week, you』ll notice an increased tolerance within a few months. True novices might want to begin with one of the gentler chemical compounds, whose effects are shorter-lived, found in cinnamon, ginger, black pepper, mint or wasabi and build up to the fiery capsaicin in chiles. If you need more incentive to start down this path, consider that studies suggest that capsaicinoids have anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. They also aid in digestion and reduce cholesterol levels.
不要把吃辣看作一個痛苦的過程。
「It’s helpful to think of spiciness as something other than painful.」
如果你需要更多的動力開始嘗試辣椒,多想想辣椒素具有抗癌、抗炎和抗氧化的特性。它們還有助於消化和降低膽固醇。
If you need more incentive to start down this path, consider that studies suggest that capsaicinoids have anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. They also aid in digestion and reduce cholesterol levels.
放輕鬆,讓這種植物化合物擴寬你的味蕾,以一種新的方式體驗食物。「你必須願意放棄控制權。」道爾頓說,「相信你的嘴明年不會這樣燒了。」
Relax and let the plant compounds expand your ability to experience food in a new way. 「You have to be willing to give up control,」 Dalton says. 「Trust that your mouth is not going to burn for the next year.
不過,美國醫學博士、認知神經科學博士、匹斯堡大學醫學院精神科臨床教授大衛·塞爾旺·施萊伯抗癌十八年去世後留下的資料或許更值得相信——
(截圖來源《每個人的戰爭:抵禦癌症的有效生活方式》附「抗癌行動彩圖手冊」)
來源:衛報、太陽報、科學美國人、Push Doctor、中國科普網、搜狐
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