知識點12：Wrest control
Studies have shown that when people have to wrest control from an automated system, it can take them around five seconds to grasp what is happening.
Wrest作動詞講，本意指用力擰，用力拉，引申義指辛苦謀求；費力取得，文中指人類駕駛員從自動化系統中奪取對飛機的控制權，與上文中的assume control同義：
①The shareholders are planning to wrest control of the company (away) from the current directors.
股東們正在計劃從現任董事們手中奪取公司的控制權。
知識點13：Monotony, Vigilance
The monotony of monitoring a semi-automated vehicle may reduce vigilance by provoking what psychologists refer to as 「passive」 fatigue.
Monotony指單調乏味、毫無變化的狀態，前綴mono-表示「單個，一個」，與之對應的是multi-「多個」：
①The monotony of motorway driving can cause accidents.
在高速公路上駕車單調乏味，可能引發交通事故。
②The routine was the same every day, with nothing to break/relieve the monotony.
每天做的事都相同，沒有什麼來打破／調劑這種單調。
Vigilance名詞，警覺、警戒、警惕，與alert同義，形容詞為vigilant：
③The police said that it was thanks to the vigilance of a neighbour that the fire was discovered before it could spread.
警方說多虧了一位鄰居警覺才在火災蔓延之前發現了火情。
④Please remain vigilant at all times and report anything suspicious.
請時刻保持警惕，有可疑情況隨時報告。
知識點14：Loop
Such concerns have led some carmakers, Ford among them, to consider skipping semi-automation and go straight to something closer to full autonomy, cutting people out of the loop.
Loop作名詞講，是環、圈的意思，In the loop和Out of the loop，指讓某人或某物在圈內或圈外，in the loop了解或知道特定人群知道的信息，也就是「圈內人」， 在郵件往來中，常會看到keep sb in the loop或loop sb in，指將某人加入到某個主題的討論中來，讓某人知曉某事：
①Please keep me in the loop (=updated/informed) if you have any more discussions about the building work.
任何有關這項建築工程的討論都請讓我知曉進展情況。
②They kept me out of the loop, so it was a shock to discover that they were moving our sales team to Birmingham!
他們把我排斥在圈子之外，所以當我發現他們將我們銷售團隊搬到伯明罕時我非常震驚！
在20190119期經濟學人文章Taming terminator中有這樣一段話，用in the loop, on the loop以及out of the loop解釋了自主武器三種不同的狀態：
Almost all still have humans 「in the loop」 (eg, remotely pulling the trigger for a drone strike) or 「on the loop」 (ie, able to oversee and countermand an action). But tomorrow’s weapons will be able to travel farther from their human operators, move from one place to another and attack a wider range of targets with humans 「out of the loop」.
幾乎所有的自主武器系統仍然有人員「在迴路中」（比如遠程控制無人機開火）或「在迴路之上」（比如能夠監視和撤銷某個行動）。但未來的武器將能使用人員「在迴路外」的系統，行進到離人類操縱員更遠之處，從一地移動到另一地，向更大範圍的目標發起攻擊。
有人員「在迴路中」的自主武器系統，人員可以遠程控制武器；人員「在迴路之上」的，則是起到了對整個迴路、整個系統的監管作用；人員「在迴路外的」，則是脫離了人的限制。
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