Sutures and ligatures were used by the Egyptians and Syrians as early as 2,000 BCE.
人類使用縫線的歷史非常悠久,你知道嗎,早在公元前2000年古埃及人和敘利亞人就開始使用縫線和結紮了。
In simple terms, a suture is a type of thread used by surgeons to stitch tissues together. It can be used for bringing together tissues in case of an injury or incisions made during a surgical procedure. It can also be used for tying blood vessels. Several types of materials are used for suturing subcutaneous tissues, fascia, or deep structures.
簡單來說,縫線就是外科醫生用來將組織縫合在一起的線,其可以用於縫合外科手術中的切口或創傷造成的傷口,也可以用於結紮血管。縫合皮下組織、筋膜或深部組織時會用到幾種不同材質的縫線。
The composition, thickness, or texture of sutures might vary. The suture material is chosen on the basis of the location and nature of the wound. In case of deep structures, the deep sutures below the surface allow the wound to heal faster, preventing the scar from becoming wider.The sutures on the surface close the edges on the epidermis, speeding up healing to provide a good cosmetic outcome. It is extremely important to use the right type of suture material, as that could impact the healing process. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) recommends that suture boxes must provide complete information about the type and size of the suture materials, along with the type of needles to be used.
不同縫線的成分、粗細或結構大不相同。通常醫生會根據傷口的位置和性質來選擇不同材質的縫線。縫合深部組織的縫線不僅可以加快傷口癒合,而且可以限制疤痕的範圍。表麵皮膚縫合則可以獲得較好的美容效果。使用正確的縫線種類非常重要,直接關係到癒合的過程。美國藥典建議縫線包裝盒必須標明關於縫線材質的完整信息,包括類型和尺寸、以及針的類型等。
縫線的特點和應用
Characteristics and Uses of Sutures
因為縫線對於機體來說是異物,會在皮膚產生炎症反應。炎症反應在縫合第二天至第七天達到高峰。在縫合傷口或切口時,外科醫生須確保皮下組織不遺留死腔。縫合不應過緊,以免影響血運而導致組織壞死。傷口的張力應該儘量小。縫線材料應具備幾種特點:
無論是哪種材料的縫線,其目的都是保證傷口快速癒合。多年來,人類開發出多種不同類型的縫線,並根據其特性進行了分類。
天然和合成縫線
Natural and Synthetic Sutures
Some of the materials are natural, while others are synthetic. Natural sutures are derived from naturally-occurring substances. The examples of natural sutures include:
縫線的材料分為天然和合成兩種。天然縫線取材於自然物質,典型代表為:
Silk 蠶絲
Plain/Chromic catgut 普通和鉻制腸線(從健康的羊或牛的小腸提取的結締組織或提純的膠原蛋白)
Plain and chromic/coated catgut sutures get absorbed due to the process of proteolytic enzymatic degradation. Since these sutures are made from multiple fibers, they remain extremely strong in the first few days of healing. Thereafter, they lose their strength rapidly, within a couple of weeks. These can be used for muscle injuries, as muscles usually heal faster and they need strong sutures in the initial healing period. The popularity of catgut has waned with the advent of stronger, synthetic sutures and the likelihood of uneven absorption in case of manufacturing defects.
普通和鉻制腸線在體內經過蛋白酶的降解可以被吸收。因為這些縫線由多股纖維構成,在傷口癒合的最初幾天非常堅固。然而在接下來的數周時間裡,它們的強度會迅速下降。腸線可以用於縫合肌肉,因為肌肉癒合速度很快,但在癒合初期需要強度很高的縫線。隨著強度更高的合成縫線(Synthetic suture)的出現,以及由於不良生產工藝可能導致腸線吸收不均,腸線的使用率在逐漸下降。
Synthetic sutures are made from polymers such as polyamide, polyolefins, polyesters, and absorbable polymers that are derived from polyglycolic acid. Synthetic absorbable sutures are broken down non-enzymatically by hydrolysis, wherein water enters the filaments and breaks down the polymer chain. Due to this, these are not associated with intense inflammatory reaction that occurs in case of catgut. The synthetic absorbable suture material tend to cause milder tissue reaction than plain/chromic gut. The examples of synthetic suture materials include:
合成縫線由各種聚合物製成,例如聚醯胺(Polyamide)、聚烯烴(Polyolefins)、聚酯(Polyesters)、和由聚羥基乙酸(Polyglycolic acid)製成的可吸收聚合物等。合成可吸收縫線的降解並非由於酶的作用,而是通過水解(Hydrolysis)過程完成。正是因為這一點,與腸線不同,合成縫線不會引起強烈的炎症反應,僅會引起輕微的組織反應。合成縫線材料的典型代表如下:
Vicryl(薇喬,聚乳酸羥基乙酸(Polylactic acid))
Dexon(德勝,PGA,聚羥基乙酸)
Nylon(尼龍,聚醯胺)
Maxon(邁勝,Polyglyconate,聚甘醇碳酸)
Monocryl(單喬,聚卡普隆(Poliglecaprone))
PDS(Polydioxanone,聚二氧雜環已酮)
Prolene(普理靈,聚丙烯(Polypropylene))
可吸收和不可吸收縫線
Absorbable and Non-absorbable Sutures
Sutures can be absorbable or non-absorbable. The terms 'absorbable' and 'non-absorbable' are self-explanatory. Basically, absorbable sutures are the ones that dissolve or get absorbed into the tissue. The time taken for such sutures to get absorbed will depend on the type of material, size of the suture, condition and the location of the injured tissue, and the overall health of the patient. The examples of absorbable sutures include:
縫線分為可吸收(Absorbable)和不可吸收(Non-absorbable)縫線。顧名思義,可吸收縫線在體內可以降解或被組織完全吸收。被完全吸收所需要的時間則因材質、尺寸、局部環境、傷口位置以及患者整體健康狀況不同而不同。薇喬線的吸收時間為56至70天,而單喬線的吸收時間為91至119天。可吸收縫線的代表有:
對於癒合速度快,所需支撐力小的組織,人們往往會採用腸線進行縫合,例如口腔黏膜層或牽涉表淺血管的手術等。薇喬常用於縫合肌肉和脂肪組織,或皮膚的真皮以及皮下組織。PDS則多用於縫合筋膜和肌肉。單喬在軟組織和皮膚切口縫合中多用。單喬和Maxon可用於皮下縫合。可吸收縫線大多用於皮下組織的縫合,因為其會引起明顯的疤痕形成。
與可吸收縫線相反,大部分不可吸縫線能一直保持完整。有些縫線可以永久存在於組織中而不被降解或吸收。絲線被認為不可吸收,因為其降解的速度非常緩慢。不可吸收縫線一般用於內部器官組織的縫合,這些組織的癒合時間通常很長,例如機體內血運較差的纖維組織。不可吸收縫線的材料包括:
聚丙烯(Prolene)
尼龍(Nylon)
不鏽鋼(Stainless steel)
蠶絲(Silk)
聚酯(Dacron)
普理靈用於縫合肌肉、血管或筋膜,絲線則主要用於縫合腸子或血管,尼龍線多用於縫合皮膚傷口或切口。
單絲和多絲縫線
Monofilament and Multifilament Sutures
Monofilament sutures are single strand sutures, whereas multifilament sutures are braided sutures that are made up of several strands. Though a monofilament suture requires more knots, tying knots is easier and there's less likelihood of trauma to the tissues. It resists the growth of pathogens due to its structure. Its examples include:
單絲縫線是單股結構,而多絲縫線是由多股纖維編織而成。儘管單絲縫線需要打結較多,但打結較為容易且對組織損傷的風險較小。此外由於其單股結構,可以有效防止病原微生物的生長。此類縫線的代表有:
多絲縫線,顧名思義,由多股纖維編織而成。不僅強度更大,且容易操控和打結。因為其特殊結構,所需打結較少。然而,編織的多股結構容易發生感染,因為其結構存在小的腔隙,可以為細菌的生長繁殖提供場所。典型代表包括:
總之,正確選擇縫線對於傷口癒合非常重要。除了使用合適的尺寸和選擇正確的材料外,使用正確的器械(如針和持針器)和應用正確的縫合技巧對於減少張力和疤痕也很重要。縫合傷口使用的縫合方法包括單純間斷縫合(Simple interrupted suture)、單純連續縫合(Simple continuous suture)、垂直褥式縫合(Vertical mattress)、水平褥式縫合(Horizontal mattress)、皮下縫合(Subcutaneous)、表皮下縫合(Subcuticular)等。為了確保癒合順利,須確保傷口血供正常。如果縫線脫開或傷口裂開,如果傷口周圍有紅腫跡象或有血性或膿性分泌物,須第一時間通知主管醫生進行處理。