ChR光感部分的高清晰結構。
Credit: Reproduced from Ref. 1 © 2012 Hideaki Kato et al.
「研究者通過設計ChR(光敏感通道,藻類中的光控離子通道)的變種來改善其特性,包括來自選擇性、動力學以及吸收光譜屬性,但是這些途徑都有限制,因為缺少了ChR的結構信息。X射線晶體學技術是一種強大的工具可以繪製蛋白質的三維機構圖,但是ChRs是一個棘手的目標。」來自東京大學的研究者表示,儘管ChR產量很少,而且不能結晶,但是研究者Kato對一種混合嵌合體蛋白進行了工程技術的操作,這種嵌合體蛋白質含有ChR1密切相關的部分以及來自南極冰藻的ChR2蛋白質。
研究者使用X射線晶體衍射技術來產生完整的ChR光感部分的高清晰結構(如圖所示),這種結構揭示了帶正電荷離子的路徑可以通過細胞膜進行轉移,這就解決了分子生物學家之間的爭論。細胞外部大的外前庭結構可以提供一個與負電荷離子連接的路徑,這將使得正電荷離子成功進入小孔內部。當ChR失活時,這種小孔就會被阻塞,但是全波長照明可以引發一系列的質子傳遞,可以消除蛋白質的阻塞,並且使得離子成功通過;一系列的突變實驗也可以為這種機制提供支持。
這種途徑上的詳細結構信息可以為設計攜帶離子選擇性的ChR的精確原理提供線索,研究者目前正在努力尋找某些靶點蛋白,並且通過研究來獲得ChR的附加結構這將為其功能模型提供進一步的確認。相關研究成果刊登在了國際雜誌Nature上。(生物谷Bioon.com)
編譯自:Algal proteins light the way
編譯者:T.Shen
Crystal structure of the channelrhodopsin light-gated cation channel
Hideaki E. Kato, Feng Zhang, Ofer Yizhar, Charu Ramakrishnan, Tomohiro Nishizawa, Kunio Hirata, Jumpei Ito, Yusuke Aita, Tomoya Tsukazaki, Shigehiko Hayashi, Peter Hegemann, Andrés D. Maturana, Ryuichiro Ishitani, Karl Deisseroth & Osamu Nureki
Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation channels derived from algae that have shown experimental utility in optogenetics; for example, neurons expressing ChRs can be optically controlled with high temporal precision within systems as complex as freely moving mammals. Although ChRs have been broadly applied to neuroscience research, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which these unusual and powerful proteins operate. Here we present the crystal structure of a ChR (a C1C2 chimaera between ChR1 and ChR2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) at 2.3 Å resolution. The structure reveals the essential molecular architecture of ChRs, including the retinal-binding pocket and cation conduction pathway. This integration of structural and electrophysiological analyses provides insight into the molecular basis for the remarkable function of ChRs, and paves the way for the precise and principled design of ChR variants with novel properties.